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Alcohols - properties

Source: domena publiczna.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • how monohydric alcohols are built;

  • how to draw a structural formula of methanol and ethanol;

  • how to create alcohol names;

  • what is the valence of carbon in organic compounds.

You will learn
  • distinguish methanol from ethanol based on physical properties;

  • write the equation for the combustion reaction of alcohols.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Physical properties of methanol and ethanol

Methanol and ethanol are colourless liquids that dissolve well in water. Therefore, these cannot be distinguished without laboratory tests, e.g. determination of boiling point or density. In trade, concentrated ethyl alcohol is called grain alcohol.

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Na ilustracji przedstawione są trzy butelki oznaczone etykietami. Wszystkie butelki mają oznaczenie łatwopalnej substancji. Na etykietach napisane jest kolejno: - spirytus rektyfikowany (butelka z zieloną zakrętką), rectified spirit, - alkohol etylowy skażony (butelka z żółtym korkiem), ethyl alcohol contaminated, - methanol butelka z czerwoną zakrętką, methanol.

As we know, the process of alcohol fermentation occurs under the influence of a special species of yeast found in the peels of ripe grapes (or other fruits). Glucose – sugar contained in fruit juice – under favourable conditions, undergoes a chemical reaction where product is ethyl alcoholalcoholsalcohol.

Reaction equation – in words:

glucose yeasts ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide

Reaction equation – molecular form:

C6H12O6yeasts 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2

The reaction equation shows that alcohol fermentationalcohol fermentationalcohol fermentation is a process that takes place under the influence of yeast. Its products are ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Task 1

Before you conduct the experiment and/or watch the movie „Mixing ethanol with water”, write down the research question and hypotheses. Also note observations and conclusions from the study. Pay attention to what happens to the volume of the mixture.

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Research question (Uzupełnij). Hypothesis (Uzupełnij). Observations (Uzupełnij). Conclusions (Uzupełnij).
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Nagranie filmowe przedstawia eksperyment mieszania etanolu z wodą, ethanol with water. Do przeprowadzenia eksperymentu potrzebne są probówka z wodą (test tube with water), probówka z alkoholem etylowym (test tube with denatured alcohol), korek (plug), marker. Do probówki wypełnionej do połowy wodą należy wlać po ściance taką samą objętość alkoholu, uważając, aby podczas wlewania ciecze nie uległy wymieszaniu. Następnie na ścianie probówki zaznaczamy markerem poziom cieczy w probówce. Probówkę zamykamy korkiem i mieszamy dokładnie mieszaninę. Po wymieszaniu alkoholu z wodą, okazuje się, że mieszanina cieczy zmniejszyła swoją objętość w probówce. Wysokość cieczy w probówce znajduje się teraz poniżej zaznaczonej wcześniej markerem kreski.
Mixing ethanol with water
Experiment 1
Research problem

Does ethanol dissolve in water?

Hypothesis

Ethanol readily dissolves in water to form a homogeneous mixture.

You will need
  • two test tubes,

  • water,

  • ethanol (better effect will be obtained using denatured alcoholdenatured alcoholdenatured alcohol),

  • waterproof marker.

Instruction
  1. Measure out equal amounts of water and alcohol.

  2. Gently pour alcohol into the test tube with water so that the liquids do not mix.

  3. Mark the liquid level on the test tube with the marker.

  4. Close the tube and shake it.

  5. Mark the liquid level after mixing.

  6. Compare the volume change of the liquid before and after mixing.

Summary

Ethyl alcohol slowly poured into a test tube with water creates a noticeable layer. The boundary between alcohol and water disappears after mixing the liquid. The resulting homogeneous mixture, whose components cannot be distinguished by means of sight. This mixture has a smaller volume than ingredients (water and ethanol) used to make it. The reason for this physical phenomenon, called contraction of volumevolume contractioncontraction of volume, is the interaction between the molecules of the mixture components.

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Volume contraction is… (Uzupełnij).

The contraction phenomenon is taken into account in the spirits industry in the technological processes and in the calculation of production efficiency. When adding 50 litres of water to 50 litres of ethyl alcohol (grain alcohol), not 100 but 96.3 litres of solution are produced.

A mixture of ethanol and water with a 95.6% ethanol content is called grain alcohol.

Physical property

Methanol

Ethanol

matter of state

liquid

liquid

colour

colourless

colourless

solubility in water

no limits

no limits

boiling point

64.7°C

78.3°C

density

0.792 g/cmIndeks górny 3

0.789 g/cmIndeks górny 3

Chemical properties of methanol and ethanol

By examining methanol and ethanol, we will answer the following questions:

  • What are chemical properties of alcohols?

  • Is there any similarity in their behaviour during chemical reactions?

  • Does the presence of the –OH functional group in alcohol molecules affect the pH of their aqueous solutions?

Smell

Both methanol and ethanol are characterized by a sharp, irritating odour. Testing these alcohols only with smell can lead to confusion.

pH of alcohols

Do aqueous solutions of alcohols undergo electrolytic dissociation? Is the pH of aqueous solutions of alcohols the same as the pH of bases, since they have a hydroxyl group similar to hydroxides? For testing the pH of aqueous solutions of alcohols, known indicators can be used: red cabbage brew, phenolphthalein solution, universal indication strip

Task 2

Before you conduct the experiment and/or watch the movie „Testing the pH of aqueous ethanol solution”, write down the research question and hypotheses. Also note down observations and conclusions from the study. Pay attention to what happens to the indicators during the experiment.

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Analysis of the experiment: "Testing the pH of an aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol". Research question (Uzupełnij). Hypothesis (Uzupełnij). Observations (Uzupełnij). Conclusions (Uzupełnij).
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Nagranie filmowe przedstawia badanie pH roztworu etanolu, pH of ethanol solution. Do przeprowadzenia badania potrzebne są probówka z fenoloftaleiną, phenolphtalein, probówka z wywarem z czerwonej kapusty, decoction of red cabbage, paski papierowe wskaźniki, paper indictaor, dwie probówki z etanolem, ethanol. Do jednej probówki z etanolem wlewamy wywar z czerwonej kapusty i mieszamy. Do drugiej probówki z etanolem wlewami fenoloftaleinę i mieszamy. Wskaźniki dodane do roztworów etanolu nie zmieniły koloru. Następnie badamy pH roztworów za pomocą uniwersalnego papierka wskaźnikowego, kolor papierka również nie ulega zmianie.
Testing the pH of aqueous ethanol solution
Experiment 2
Research problem

What is the pH of aqueous ethanol solution?

Hypothesis

The alcohols contain –OH group in their molecules, so the aqueous ethanol solution will be alkaline

You will need
  • three test tubes,

  • aqueous ethanol solution (grain alcohol),

  • red cabbage brew,

  • phenolphthalein solution,

  • universal indication strip.

Instruction
  1. Pour approximately 3 cmIndeks górny 3 of alcohol into three tubes.

  2. Examine the smell and determine the solubility of alcohol in water.

  3. Pour a few drops of a red cabbage brew into one tube and add one drop of phenolphthalein to the other one. Put the universal indicator stripe into the third test tube.

  4. Answer what you have observed.

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Summary

The indicators added to the ethanol solutions did not change the colour. The pH of aqueous solutions of alcohols is neutral. It means that there is no excess of HIndeks dolny 3OIndeks górny + ions and OHIndeks górny - ions in an aqueous solution. Thus, the alcohols do not undergo ion dissociation.

Flammability test of ethanol

Ethanol is a flammable substance. With unrestricted oxygen access, a complete ethanol combustion occurs.

When the fire torch is moved closer, the alcohol vapour ignites. The alcohol burns with a bluish flame. The products of the total combustion of ethanol are carbon dioxide and water: C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

Complete methanol combustion

The products of the total combustion of methanol are carbon dioxide and water:

2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 +4H2O

Incomplete combustion of alcohols

Incomplete combustion takes place under conditions of limited oxygen supply.

C2H5OH+2O22CO+3H2O

CH3OH + O2 → CO + 2H2O

C2H5OH + O2 → 2C + 3H2O

2CH3OH + O2 → 2C + 4H2O

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Exercise 1
Indicate properties for ethanol. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. It is flammable, boiling point of 64.7 Celsius degrees., 2. Mix with water without restrictions., 3. It is alkaline due to the presence of hydroxyl group., 4. Has a characteristic, sharp smell., 5. Burns blue, yellow and smoky flame., 6. It is a white liquid., 7. Has a sharp taste.

Summary

  • Methanol and ethanol have many common physical properties and are therefore difficult to distinguish.

  • Methanol is a poison.

  • Only methanol, ethanol and propanol are well soluble in water, each subsequent alcohol in the homologous series already less.

  • The pH of aqueous solutions of alcohols is neutral.

  • Methanol and ethanol are flammable substances. These are subject to complete and incomplete combustion reactions.

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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij). 6. Today I found out (uzupełnij). 7. I was interested in (uzupełnij). 8. I still have to repeat (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Homework
Task 3.1

Write down the equation of the reaction of butyl alcohol combustion, if the reaction product is a gas causing clouding of limewater.

Key words

alcohol, hydrocarbons, monohydric alcohols, methanol, ethanol, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, volume contraction

Glossary

alcohols
alcohols
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

alkohole – pochodne węglowodorów, w których co najmniej jeden atom wodoru zastąpiono grupą hydroksylową

alcohol fermentation
alcohol fermentation
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

fermentacja alkoholowa – przemiana glukozy pod wpływem enzymów wytwarzanych przez drożdże; jej produktami są alkohol etylowy i tlenek węgla(IV)

denatured alcohol
denatured alcohol
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

denaturat – (spirytus skażony) – alkohol etylowy z dodatkiem substancji o przykrym zapachu i smaku, nienadający się do spożycia; zabarwiony na fioletowo lub czerwono; nie wolno spożywać denaturatu ani innego rodzaju skażonego alkoholu

volume contraction
volume contraction
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

kontrakcja objętości – zjawisko fizyczne, które polega na zmianie objętości roztworu podczas mieszania jego składników

rectified spirit
rectified spirit
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

spirytus – wodny roztwór alkoholu etylowego o stężeniu około 96%

wood alcohol
wood alcohol
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

spirytus drzewny – zwyczajowa nazwa otrzymywanego w wyniku suchej destylacji drewna roztworu alkoholu metylowego