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At the turn of the century

Bal du moulin de la Galette
Source: Auguste Renoir, Bal du moulin de la Galette, Oil on canvas, Musée d'Orsay, Paris, domena publiczna.

Link to the lesson

You will learn
  • you will recognise the features of the positivist period

  • you will recognise selected features of the modernismmodernismmodernism era

  • you will discuss the features of: ImpressionismimpressionismImpressionism, expressionismexpressionismexpressionism and aestheticismaestheticismaestheticism

  • you will describe the works of modernist painting

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

The turn of the 19th and 20th century abounded in new but also revisited old trends and art movements. These trends permeated and encompassed ideologies, literature and art. During this period, the synthesis of art, meaning the unification of various fields, resulting from the desire to create a „total” work, was particularly prevailing. Music and painting became inspiration for poetry and the imagination, freed from all limitations, created bold, suggestive visions to reach the deepest layers of human sensitivity.

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What concepts do you associate with the positivist era?
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Impression, Sunrise
Source: Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise, Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris, licencja: CC 0.

Impressionism was a movement of painting established in France in the 1870s, whose main objective was to break away from the realism and to present volatile, difficult to capture, often very subjective, sensations (hence the name: impression derived from a French word).

It appeared in various fields of art, especially in music (Claude Debussy, Karol Szymanowski).

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Exercise 1
Test your text comprehension. Fill in the missing gaps. (uzupełnij) 1. poets, 2. lyrical poetry, 3. Impressionism, 4. impression, 5. playwrites, 6. pressure, 7. Writers, 8. painters, 9. scheme, 10. Symbolism, 11. mood, 12. epic also has its literary counterpart, which appears in (uzupełnij) 1. poets, 2. lyrical poetry, 3. Impressionism, 4. impression, 5. playwrites, 6. pressure, 7. Writers, 8. painters, 9. scheme, 10. Symbolism, 11. mood, 12. epic, as well as in prose and dramatic works. The writers’ intentions were analogue to those executed by (uzupełnij) 1. poets, 2. lyrical poetry, 3. Impressionism, 4. impression, 5. playwrites, 6. pressure, 7. Writers, 8. painters, 9. scheme, 10. Symbolism, 11. mood, 12. epic – they aimed at creating 1. poets, 2. lyrical poetry, 3. Impressionism, 4. impression, 5. playwrites, 6. pressure, 7. Writers, 8. painters, 9. scheme, 10. Symbolism, 11. mood, 12. epic, vision and subjective experiences. It was the (uzupełnij) 1. poets, 2. lyrical poetry, 3. Impressionism, 4. impression, 5. playwrites, 6. pressure, 7. Writers, 8. painters, 9. scheme, 10. Symbolism, 11. mood, 12. epic of the reader that mattered the most, and not the content of a literary work. In poetry, impressionism was developed mainly in the works of French (uzupełnij) 1. poets, 2. lyrical poetry, 3. Impressionism, 4. impression, 5. playwrites, 6. pressure, 7. Writers, 8. painters, 9. scheme, 10. Symbolism, 11. mood, 12. epic of the second half of the 19th century, such as Paul Verlaine or Stéphane Mallarmé. In Polish literature, works of such writers as Stanisław Wyspiański, Lucjan Rydel or Wacław Berent deserve particular attention in that context.

Impressionism was especially revealed in painting. The play of light and colours blurring the contours are characteristic features of the Impressionist's works. The greatest Impressionists are, among others: Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Auguste Renoir. Poland's Impressionists include: Władysław Podkowiński and Józef Pankiewicz.

Exercise 2
Wyjaśnij kluczowe pojęcia związane z tematem abstraktu.
Wyjaśnij kluczowe pojęcia związane z tematem abstraktu.
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The Scream
Source: Edvard Munch, The Scream, Munch Museum, Oslo, licencja: CC 0.

Expressionism as a conscious and precise trend appeared in Polish literature only at the end of the First World War. Despite that, its elements can be found in the works of a number authors of the turn of the 20th century. To name a few: Tadeusz Miciński, Wacław Berent, Stanisław Przybyszewski and Jan Kasprowicz. Like its artistic counterpart, literary expressionism was intended to reflect subjective human experiences and was characterized by great dynamism and fierceness.

The flagship example of a work created in the expressionist spirit is Scream by Edward Munch, who, in a masterful way, using shapes and colours, captures the eponymous emotion.

Exercise 3

Name the emotions expressed by a figure in Edward Munch’s painting. Compare your ideas with those of your classmates. Discuss the topic.

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Wykonaj ćwiczenie zgodnie z poleceniem.
Exercise 4
Expressionists believed that art should provoke a bourgeois sense of taste and reality, also through the grotesque shaping of the world. Think about what an expressionist painting should represent and tell the others about it.
Expressionists believed that art should provoke a bourgeois sense of taste and reality, also through the grotesque shaping of the world. Think about what an expressionist painting should represent and tell the others about it.
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The Peacock Room
Source: James McNeill Whistler, The Peacock Room, Freer Gallery of Art, Waszyngton, licencja: CC BY 2.0.

Aestheticism is a movement established in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century, which was also strongly developing in France. Its main assumption was to perceive art as an exceptional value, whose superior value is not utility, but beauty (hence the term „art for art's sake”). One of many examples reflecting this type of attitude is The Peacock Room, created by Thomas Jeckylla, and then James McNeill Whistler, which was richly decorated with golden patterns resembling the titular birds. The aesthetic foundations were also represented by a dandy showing exaggerated care for his appearance, who wanted to be perceived as a work of art himself. Oscar Wilde, an Irish writer, was a person who was an exceptional example of aestheticism.

Exercise 5
Własnymi słowami zdefiniuj wybrane terminy ze słownika.
Własnymi słowami zdefiniuj wybrane terminy ze słownika.
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Exercise 6
Match the features to the appropriate movement. Expressing fierce emotions Capturing volatile, passing images The cult of beauty, art for art’s sake Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. aestheticism, 2. impressionism, 3. expressionism
Exercise 7

How is art perceived nowadays? Can we find examples of contemporary aestheticism? Look for the answer in any available resources and justify your opinion.

Keywords

modernism, impressionism, expressionism, aestheticism

Glossary

modernism
modernism
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Nagranie słówka: modernism

modernizm

impressionism
impressionism
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Nagranie słówka: impressionism

impresjonizm

expressionism
expressionism
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Nagranie słówka: expressionism

ekspresjonizm

aestheticism
aestheticism
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Nagranie słówka: aestheticism

estetyzm