1828 is considered a breakthrough year in the development of organic chemistry. At that time, the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler obtained an organic substance (urea) from an inorganic salt in the laboratory conditions. In this way, belief that these compounds can only be produced by living organisms due to their vital force was debunked. The classification of chemical knowledge into inorganic and organic is historical, but it is still in use today.
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Grafika przedstawia schemat, na którym widać podział chemii na związki organiczne i nieorganiczne. Na samej górze jest chemistry od tego dwie strzałki, pod jedną inorganic, pod drugą organic. Od inorganic odchodzą w dół cztery strzałki opisane odpowiednio oxides, hydroxides, acids i salts. Od organic odchodzą dwie strzałki opisane jako hydrocarbons i derived from hydrocarbons. Pod grafiką napis: Organic compounds are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts).
Organic compounds are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts).
Organic compounds are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements despite the compounds classified as inorganic (i.e. carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts).
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon are compounds of carbon and hydrogen. Mixture of hydrocarbons are for example oil, paraffin, gasoline or gas in air tanks.
We can divide hydrocarbons into:
saturated, alkanes – in which molecules all bonds between carbon atoms are single,
unsaturated, alkenes – in which molecules have one double bond between carbon atoms, the remaining bonds are single; alkynes – in which molecules have one triple bond between carbon atoms, the remaining bonds are single.
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Ilustracja przedstawia dwie kolorowe grafiki obok siebie. Po lewej grafika przedstawiająca podział węglowodorów. Na górze grafiki napis Hydrocarbons od niego w dół odchodzą dwie strzałki opisane odpowiednio saturated i unsaturated. Pod saturated napisane: alkanes, c en ha dwa en plus dwa, e.g. methane. Pod unsaturated dwa odnośniki w dół alkenes (poniżej c en ha dwa en e.g. ethene) oraz alkynes (poniżej c en ha dwa en minus dwa e.g. ethyne). Grafika po prawej przedstawia tabelę z wymienionymi nazwami i wzorami węglowodorów zawierających do 5 atomów węgla w cząsteczce: 1. methane c ha cztery, 2. ethane c dwa ha sześć, ethene c dwa ha cztery, ethyne c dwa ha dwa, 3. propane c trzy ha osiem, propene c trzy ha sześć, propyne c trzy ha cztery, 4. butane c cztery ha dziesięć, butene c cztery ha osiem, butyne c cztery ha sześć, 5. pentane c pięć ha dwanaście, pentene c pięć ha dziesięć, pentyne c pięć ha osiem.
Division of hydrocarbons
How to distinguish saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
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Grafika kolorowa przedstawia Eksperymentalną metodę sprawdzenia czy węglowodór jest nasycony czy nie. Na górze tytuł " An experimental method of hydrocarbon recognition" poniżej po lewej stronie w niebieskiej ramce zatytułowanej saturated dwa odnośniki: not change the color of the potassium permangate solution oraz not discolor the bromine solution. Po prawej stronie w zielonej ramce zatytułowanej unsaturated dwa odnośniki: change the color of the potassium permanganate solution oraz discolor the bromine solution.
Combustion of hydrocarbons
Depending on the conditions the products of combustion of hydrocarbons are:
for complete combustion: carbon dioxide and water,
for incomplete combustion: carbon monoxide and water, carbon (soot) and water.
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Grafika przedstawia schemat spalania węglowodorów zgodnie z ich podziałem na alkiny, alkany i alkeny. Od lewej w ramce zielonej Alkanes: c ha cztery dodać dwa o dwa powstaje c o dwa dodać dwa ha dwa o pod spodem opis complete combustion, dwa c ha cztery dodać trzy o dwa powstaje dwa c o dodać cztery ha dwa o pod spodem opis incomplete combustion, c ha cztery dodać o dwa powstaje c dodać dwa ha dwa o pod spodem napis incomplete combustion. W środku grafiki w niebieskiej ramce Alkenes: c dwa ha cztery dodać trzy o dwa powstaje dwa ce o dwa dodać dwa ha dwa o pod spodem opis complete combustion, ce dwa ha cztery dodać dwa o dwa powstaje dwa c o dodać dwa ha dwa o pod spodem opis incomplete combustion, c dwa ha cztery dodać o dwa powstaje dwa c dodać dwa ha dwa o pod spodem opis incomplete combustion. Po prawej stronie grafiki w różowej ramce Alkynes: dwa c dwa ha dwa dodać pięć o dwa powstaje cztery c o dwa dodać dwa ha dwa o pod spodem opis complete combustion, dwa c dwa ha dwa dodać trzy o dwa powstaje cztery c o dodać dwa ha dwa o pod spodem opis incomplete combustion, dwa c dwa ha dwa dodać o dwa powstaje cztery c dodać dwa ha dwa o pod spodem opis incomplete combustion.
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Answer the questions. Are hydrocarbons where all bonds between carbon are single tu uzupełnij Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. Ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes. The molecular formula of a butyne is tu uzupełnij Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. Ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. Ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes Chemist, who obtained the organic substance (urea) from inorganic salt in the laboratory in 1828. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. Ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. Ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes What are organic compounds? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. Ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. Ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes The products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons depending on the conditions are... Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes The molecular formula of butane is tu uzupełnij Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. C4H10, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. C4H6, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes Compounds in which molecules have one triple bond between carbon atoms and where remaining bonds are single are tu uzupełnij Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. Ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes What is formed in the reaction of incomplete combustion of ethene? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. Ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. Ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes
Answer the questions. Are hydrocarbons where all bonds between carbon are single tu uzupełnij Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. Ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes. The molecular formula of a butyne is tu uzupełnij Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. Ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. Ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes Chemist, who obtained the organic substance (urea) from inorganic salt in the laboratory in 1828. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. Ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. Ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes What are organic compounds? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. Ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. Ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes The products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons depending on the conditions are... Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes The molecular formula of butane is tu uzupełnij Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. C4H10, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. C4H6, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes Compounds in which molecules have one triple bond between carbon atoms and where remaining bonds are single are tu uzupełnij Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. Ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes What is formed in the reaction of incomplete combustion of ethene? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts), 2. Ce cztery ha dziesięć, 3. Friedrich Wöhler, 4. Ce cztery ha sześć, 5. alkynes, 6. carbon monoxide and water, 7. carbon dioxide and water, 8. Alkanes
Answer the questions, then reverse the tab by clicking on it and check if your answer is correct.
... are hydrocarbons where all bonds between carbon are single...
Alkanes
The molecular formula of a butyne is ...
C4H6
Chemist, who obtained the organic substance (urea) from inorganic salt in the laboratory in 1828
Friedrich Wöhler
What are organic compounds?
these are chemical compounds of carbon with other elements with the exception of inorganic compounds (including carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts)
The products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons depending on the conditions are...
carbon dioxide and water
The molecular formula of butane is ...
C4H10
Compounds in which molecules have one triple bond between carbon atoms and where remaining bonds are single are...
alkynes
What is formed in the reaction of incomplete combustion of ethene?
carbon monoxide and water
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Exercise 1
Arrange the products of rectification of crude oil according to the increasing boiling point of the individual substances. Elementy do uszeregowania: 1. oil, 2. mazut, 3. refinery gas, 4. petrol, 5. diesel
Arrange the products of rectification of crude oil according to the increasing boiling point of the individual substances. Elementy do uszeregowania: 1. oil, 2. mazut, 3. refinery gas, 4. petrol, 5. diesel
Arrange the products of rectification of crude oil according to the increasing boiling point of the individual substances.
diesel
refinery gas
oil
mazut
petrol
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Exercise 2
The picture shows metal cutting with a flame of very high temperature. Which gas is used for this purpose? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ethyne, 2. methane, 3. ethane, 4. ethylene.
The picture shows metal cutting with a flame of very high temperature. Which gas is used for this purpose? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ethyne, 2. methane, 3. ethane, 4. ethylene.
The picture shows metal cutting with a flame of very high temperature. Which gas is used for this purpose?
ethyne
methane
ethane
ethylene
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Exercise 3
The picture shows the bromine water used to distinguish saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. What could we observe if we add bromine water to two flasks: with saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. There is no change in the flask with saturated hydrocarbon, and in the flask with unsaturated hydrocarbon, we notice the discoloration of the bromine water, 2. In the flask with saturated hydrocarbon, we notice a change of colour into purple, and no changes are observed in the flask with unsaturated hydrocarbon., 3. No change is observed in the flask with saturated hydrocarbon, and in the flask with unsaturated hydrocarbon there will be a change of colour into purple., 4. In the flask with saturated hydrocarbon we observe a discoloration of bromine water and no changes are observed in the flask with unsaturated hydrocarbon.
The picture shows the bromine water used to distinguish saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. What could we observe if we add bromine water to two flasks: with saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. There is no change in the flask with saturated hydrocarbon, and in the flask with unsaturated hydrocarbon, we notice the discoloration of the bromine water, 2. In the flask with saturated hydrocarbon, we notice a change of colour into purple, and no changes are observed in the flask with unsaturated hydrocarbon., 3. No change is observed in the flask with saturated hydrocarbon, and in the flask with unsaturated hydrocarbon there will be a change of colour into purple., 4. In the flask with saturated hydrocarbon we observe a discoloration of bromine water and no changes are observed in the flask with unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Matthew Sergei Perrin, CC BY 2.0
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Exercise 4
The picture shows the burning gas. The colour of the flames in the picture is characteristic of the combustion reaction of tu uzupełnij Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. methane, 2. acetylene, 3. ethylene
The picture shows the burning gas. The colour of the flames in the picture is characteristic of the combustion reaction of tu uzupełnij Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. methane, 2. acetylene, 3. ethylene
The picture shows the burning gas. The colour of the flames in the picture is characteristic of the combustion reaction of ...
methane
acetylene
ethylene
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Create a multiple-choice test based on today's lesson. Then exchange your questions with a friend or classmate.
Create a multiple-choice test based on today's lesson. Then exchange your questions with a friend or classmate.
Create a multiple-choice test based on today's lesson. Then exchange your questions with a friend or classmate.
Question: ...
...
...
...
...
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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences.It was easy for me (uzupełnij), It was difficult for me (uzupełnij), Today I learned (uzupełnij), I understood that (uzupełnij), It surprised me (uzupełnij)
Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences.It was easy for me (uzupełnij), It was difficult for me (uzupełnij), Today I learned (uzupełnij), I understood that (uzupełnij), It surprised me (uzupełnij)
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Summary
Natural sources of hydrocarbons are natural gas, crude oil and fossil carbons.
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are hydrocarbons in which the molecules between carbon atoms have only single bonds.
To unsaturated hydrocarbons we include hydrocarbons, in which molecules between carbon atoms in addition to single bonds there is one double bond (alkenes), and hydrocarbons, in which molecules between carbon atoms there is one triple bond (alkynes).
związki organiczne – związki chemiczne węgla z innymi pierwiastkami, z wyjątkiem związków zaliczanych do nieorganicznych (m.in. tlenki węgla, kwas węglowy i jego sole)
alkeny – węglowodory nienasycone, związki organiczne zbudowane z atomów węgla i wodoru, zawierające między atomami węgla poza wiązaniami pojedynczymi jedno wiązanie podwójne
alkiny – węglowodory nienasycone, związki organiczne zbudowane z atomów węgla i wodoru, zawierające między atomami węgla poza wiązaniami pojedynczymi jedno wiązanie potrójne
