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Conifers

Source: Przykuta, Tomorrow sp. z o.o., commons.wikimedia.org, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0.

Link to lesson

Before you start you should know
  • the organs include, among others, roots, stems and leaves;

  • mosses and ferns reproduce using spores.

You will learn
  • describe the places where gymnosperms occur on Earth and their adaptation to living conditions;

  • describe the characteristics of gymnosperms;

  • identify the most common gymnosperm species;

  • present the meaning of gymnosperms.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

The habitat of gymnosperms

GymnospermsgymnospermsGymnosperms are vascular plants that, although they do not give fruit, spread with seeds. Most gymnosperms are conifers, and they are called like that because of the structure of their leaves that take the shape of needlesneedleneedles.

Gymnosperms are trees and shrubs that live only on land. They grow from the equator to the Arctic circles, on mountain slopes, wet lowlands and semi‑deserts. In North America and Eurasia, in the cold temperate climate zone, they form large forest complexes called taiga. In the temperate climate zone, where there is no permafrost, they form coniferous forests or mixed forests. They also find appropriate living conditions in the mild and warm climate zones of the Mediterranean. Conifers in the northern hemisphere are, among others, pine, fir, spruce, larch. In warm and humid climate zones there are, for example, cedars, cypresses, and redwoods.

Task 1

Get familiar with the map of questions related to gymnosperms. Try to answer the questions listed.

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Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Task 2

Do you know how to identify a coniferous tree? The diagram below will help you. Try to mark several trees in your area using the information presented here.

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Ilustracja interaktywna przedstawia podział roślin iglastych. Podział pokazany w formie schematu zielonych zaokrąglonych prostokątów z opisami. Schemat zatytułowany: We denote some coniferns. Główny prostokąt z napisem: leaves in the from of needles. Od niego w lewo prostokąt: needles in dense tufts, fall for the winter. Od niego owal z napisem: larch. Od głównego prostokąta, kolejny prostokąt w dół podpisany: the needles do not fall for the winter. Od niego: na lewo prostokąt: flat,soft needles: w lewo: the needles have 2 white stripes underneath, od niego owal z napisem: fir; w prawo: upper side of the needle dark green, bottom light green, od niego owal z napisem: yew. Na prawo prostokąt: needles not flat, angular, sharp: w lewo prostokąt: long needles grow at 2,3,5, od niego owal z napisem: pine; w prawo prostokąt needles short prockly, grow indyvidually, od niego owal: spruce. Pod nazwami drzew iglastych ich ilustracje.
Conifers
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Polish gymnosperms

Coniferous plants are a characteristic element of Polish landscapes. They can be easily identified by the presence of needles and cones. Among native species, the most common are: Norway spruce, European fir, European larch, common yew, common juniper and various species of pine trees. Many species of conifers found in Poland are plants that do not occur naturally in our environment, and they are mainly imported as decorative and functional plants.

Norway spruce grows in north‑eastern Poland and in higher parts of mountains. It can reach about 45 m in height. It has short, sharp, angular and prickly needles that grow out of the shoot one by one and stay on it for 5‑7 years. Its long and cylindrical cones hang freely from twigs, and when ripe they fall to the ground.

European fir occurs in the south of Poland in lower parts of mountains. It is a huge tree with a dense crown growing up to 50 m in height. Its flat needles grow out one at a time. They are rounded at the top and do not sting like spruce needles. They are dark green on the top and have two white stripes on the underside. Fir cones are cylindrical, and before they mature, they stand on branches, and after ripening they fall apart into single husks.

European larch grows up to 35 m in height. It has light green, soft needles that grow in bunches, and turn yellow in autumn and fall. Cones are small, ovate, directed upwards.

Common yew can be found in natural habitats in mountains and in north‑western Poland. It is usually a shrub or a small tree. It has flat, soft, sharp‑edged dark green needles with a light green bottom. The yew does not produce cones, its seeds are surrounded by a red juicy cover – aril. The whole plant, with the exception of the aril which the birds feed on, has poisonous properties. Cultivated yew species are often planted in parks and gardens. Yews belong to long‑lived plants. It is estimated that they can live up to 3 thousand years.

Common juniper is a shrub commonly found in pine forests. It has short, blue‑green, sharp and prickly needles, growing in threes around the shoot. In autumn, fleshy, navy‑blue cones are formed on themjuniper berrynavy‑blue cones are formed on them.

Swiss pine occurs in the Tatra Mountains. It is a tree reaching 20 m in height. It can be recognized by five long and stiff needles growing from the shortened shoot. Its ovoid pine cones fall apart, releasing seeds without wings.

Dwarf mountain pine is a species of pine. It forms shrubby thickets in the upper parts of mountains. Its short and very stiff needles grow in twos from the shortened shoot. Cones are small and roundish.

Task 3

Imagine you are buying a Christmas tree. Cheap spruces and expensive firs are available. Explain how you will know whether or not you are offered a spruce at the price of a fir.

Observation 1

Comparison of needles of various species of conifers.

You will need
  • specimens of signed twigs of Scots pine, mountain pine, spruce, yew, fir;

  • ruler;

  • magnifying glass.

Instruction
  1. Compare the needles on a twig of a yew, a fir and a spruce, a Scots pine and a mountain pine.

  2. Count how many needles grow from each bunch (spur), and check how the needle base differs.

  3. Measure the needles.

  4. Specify by touch whether their shape is flat, angular, round, triangular or maybe different.

  5. Compare the tips of the needles.

  6. Make a drawing documentation of the observation.

Summary

The observation of needles allows distinguishing conifers very quickly. This can be told by features such as the number of needles growing out of the spur, their shape, colour, hardness, shape of the needle tip.

Task 4

List the names of domestic conifers the mature cones of which can be collected for your collection. Can you collect the cones of all species? Justify the answer.

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Exercise 1
Ćwiczenie przyporządkuj elementy. Move plant names to the appropriate frames. Herbaceous plants - they do not have woody stems Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. oak, 2. currant, 3. mountain ash, 4. pansy, 5. hazel, 6. dwarf mountain pine, 7. lilac, 8. potato, 9. wheat. Bushes - perennial plants with lignified multiple stems Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. oak, 2. currant, 3. mountain ash, 4. pansy, 5. hazel, 6. dwarf mountain pine, 7. lilac, 8. potato, 9. wheat. Trees - perennial plants with lignified stem supporting branches and leaves Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. oak, 2. currant, 3. mountain ash, 4. pansy, 5. hazel, 6. dwarf mountain pine, 7. lilac, 8. potato, 9. wheat
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Exercise 2
Ćwiczenie połącz w pary. Combine the pine construction feature with an appropriate environmental factor. shape of the crown Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. wind, 2. drought-frozen water in winter is not available, 3. presence near other trees, amount of light, 4. type of substrate, 5. frost. root length Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. wind, 2. drought-frozen water in winter is not available, 3. presence near other trees, amount of light, 4. type of substrate, 5. frost. needle-shaped leaves Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. wind, 2. drought-frozen water in winter is not available, 3. presence near other trees, amount of light, 4. type of substrate, 5. frost. cones placed high above the ground, seeds with wings Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. wind, 2. drought-frozen water in winter is not available, 3. presence near other trees, amount of light, 4. type of substrate, 5. frost. thick bark Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. wind, 2. drought-frozen water in winter is not available, 3. presence near other trees, amount of light, 4. type of substrate, 5. frost

Summary

  • Gymnosperms are typical land plants inhabiting the environments of the whole Earth, being the main component of taiga, coniferous forest and an admixture of mixed forests.

  • Gymnosperms produce roots, stems and leaves, and seeds that develop on bare scales of female cones.

  • Seeds are organs that protect the embryo and provide it with nutrients in the first stage of life. They are also used for spreading of plants.

  • Most gymnosperms are conifers, wind‑pollinated and wind‑borne plantsanemochorywind‑borne plants.

Keywords

gymnosperms, cone, conifers, anemochory

Glossary

needle
needle
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

igła – silnie wydłużony, płaski, półokrągły lub graniasty liść roślin iglastych.

gymnosperms
gymnosperms
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

nagonasienne – inaczej nagozalążkowe; wiatropylne rośliny naczyniowe, których nieosłonięte zalążki spoczywają na łuskach szyszek żeńskich, a nasiona nie są zamknięte w owocu.

juniper berry
juniper berry
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

szyszkojagoda – mała szyszka o mięsistych, zrośniętych ze sobą łuskach; wystpępuje u jałowca.

anemochory
anemochory
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

wiatrosiewność – roznoszenie nasion przez wiatr.