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Countries of people’s democracy

Head of the Stalin statue destroyed during the uprising, in the former Stalin Square in Budapest
Source: Róbert Hofbauer, Głowa ze zniszczonego w trakcie powstania posągu Stalina na byłym Placu Stalina w Budapeszcie, 1956, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Link to the lesson

You will learn
  • how the communists took power in Central and Eastern Europe;

  • what ‘people’s democracy’ and countries of people’s democracyCountries of people’s democracycountries of people’s democracy were;

  • who the communist leaders of the Eastern Bloc countries were;

  • when and where social and political riots against the authorities took place;

  • about the Hungarian Uprising of 1956 and the Prague SpringPrague SpringPrague Spring of 1968, and how these were suppressed.

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Nagranie abstraktu

The new division of Europe, after the end of the Second World War, was the result of the arrangements made by the Big Three at inter‑allied conferences. Central and Eastern Europe found itself in the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. Its representatives, with the help of the Red Army, quickly began to make dependent and transform the countries of the region (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania) – the so‑called people’s democracies. This process was similar in all the countries. It began with the systematic liquidation of political opposition accused of conspiring and preparing for coups (salami tacticsSalami tacticssalami tactics), followed by the holding of a fraudulent election, in which the communists gained full power, and then the adoption of a new constitution. In the meantime, the economy would be transformed (nationalizationNationalizationnationalization of industry, land reform) and all forms of resistance by any kind of opposition – gradually eliminated. Another common feature was the ubiquitous indoctrinationIndoctrinationindoctrination of the society, repressionsRepressionsrepressions against the Church, and the monopoly of the authorities over information. In later years, also the required membership in the structures of CominformCominformCominform (1947) as well as the common economic organization – ComeconCouncil for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon)Comecon (after 1949) and military organization – the Warsaw PactWarsaw PactWarsaw Pact (after 1955).

In the Eastern bloc, the only exceptions were Albania and Yugoslavia. Albania, after the communists took full power and succumbed to the will of the USSR, withdrew from the socialist economic and military arrangements in 1961 and became isolated from the world. In Yugoslavia, after Josip Broz Tito, a hero of the communist resistance movement, assumed full power, a conflict with Stalin ensued. Condemned and excluded from the communist structures, the country turned to Western countries, concluding economic agreements with them (the US and UK), which positively influenced its development. However, it remained a socialist state until its disintegration in the 1990s .

Despite the full power and subjugation of the societies of the Eastern bloc, there were many social protests and riots against their difficult economic situations, lack of basic freedoms, and the presence of the Red Army troops. These were brutally suppressed (Berlin 1953, Poland and Hungary 1956, Czechoslovakia 1968).

Task 1
Na podstawie nagrania odpowiedz, które kraje należały do bloku wschodniego?
Na podstawie nagrania odpowiedz, które kraje należały do bloku wschodniego?
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Map of the eastern bloc
Source: a. nn., licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Task 2
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The timeline presents the most important events of the history of people's democracies. Which of the events were the most important and why? 1947 Establishment of the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) The Bureau was founded on September 27, 1947 at a meeting of communist and workers’ parties in Szklarska Poręba, 1949 Establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) The flag of Comecon, 1955 Establishment of the Warsaw Pact Conference of the signatories of the Warsaw Pact in May 1955. In the lower left corner, the Polish delegation: Bolesław Bierut, Józef Cyrankiewicz, and Konstanty Rokossowski, 1956 Events in Hungary The Hungarian Uprising of 1956, nowadays often referred to as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The uprising broke out on October 23, 1956 and lasted until November 10, 1956, when it was finally suppressed by the armed intervention of the Soviet Army. It was an attempt by the Hungarian nation to free itself from Soviet domination., 1968 Prague Spring a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia in 1968, lasting from January 5 until the Soviet Union and other members of the Warsaw Pact (Poland, Hungary, German Democratic Republic, and Bulgaria) carried out an invasion during the night of August 20–21 that same year. In the photo: Praguers gathered in Wenceslas Square, August 21, 1968
Source: Foma, Nagy Gyula, Robert Kwapis, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0.
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Exercise 1
Match the terms to the definitions. Planned economy Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. control and restriction of the freedom of speech by verifying and publicizing only information that is consistent with the authorities’ point of view, 2. a political and military alliance formed in 1955 by the Eastern Bloc. The dominant role in it was played by the USSR, 3. unfair punishments imposed by the state on citizens, or persecution in the form of retaliation against a specific group, 4. a systematic process of instilling certain political, religious, or social messages and ideologies in the society, 5. an economic system in which decisions concerning production and investments are made by central authorities in the form of economic plans, 6. an order to leave the place of residence against one’s will, 7. the taking over of property, companies, and private capital by the state Nationalization Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. control and restriction of the freedom of speech by verifying and publicizing only information that is consistent with the authorities’ point of view, 2. a political and military alliance formed in 1955 by the Eastern Bloc. The dominant role in it was played by the USSR, 3. unfair punishments imposed by the state on citizens, or persecution in the form of retaliation against a specific group, 4. a systematic process of instilling certain political, religious, or social messages and ideologies in the society, 5. an economic system in which decisions concerning production and investments are made by central authorities in the form of economic plans, 6. an order to leave the place of residence against one’s will, 7. the taking over of property, companies, and private capital by the state Censorship Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. control and restriction of the freedom of speech by verifying and publicizing only information that is consistent with the authorities’ point of view, 2. a political and military alliance formed in 1955 by the Eastern Bloc. The dominant role in it was played by the USSR, 3. unfair punishments imposed by the state on citizens, or persecution in the form of retaliation against a specific group, 4. a systematic process of instilling certain political, religious, or social messages and ideologies in the society, 5. an economic system in which decisions concerning production and investments are made by central authorities in the form of economic plans, 6. an order to leave the place of residence against one’s will, 7. the taking over of property, companies, and private capital by the state Repressions Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. control and restriction of the freedom of speech by verifying and publicizing only information that is consistent with the authorities’ point of view, 2. a political and military alliance formed in 1955 by the Eastern Bloc. The dominant role in it was played by the USSR, 3. unfair punishments imposed by the state on citizens, or persecution in the form of retaliation against a specific group, 4. a systematic process of instilling certain political, religious, or social messages and ideologies in the society, 5. an economic system in which decisions concerning production and investments are made by central authorities in the form of economic plans, 6. an order to leave the place of residence against one’s will, 7. the taking over of property, companies, and private capital by the state Warsaw Pact Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. control and restriction of the freedom of speech by verifying and publicizing only information that is consistent with the authorities’ point of view, 2. a political and military alliance formed in 1955 by the Eastern Bloc. The dominant role in it was played by the USSR, 3. unfair punishments imposed by the state on citizens, or persecution in the form of retaliation against a specific group, 4. a systematic process of instilling certain political, religious, or social messages and ideologies in the society, 5. an economic system in which decisions concerning production and investments are made by central authorities in the form of economic plans, 6. an order to leave the place of residence against one’s will, 7. the taking over of property, companies, and private capital by the state Displacement Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. control and restriction of the freedom of speech by verifying and publicizing only information that is consistent with the authorities’ point of view, 2. a political and military alliance formed in 1955 by the Eastern Bloc. The dominant role in it was played by the USSR, 3. unfair punishments imposed by the state on citizens, or persecution in the form of retaliation against a specific group, 4. a systematic process of instilling certain political, religious, or social messages and ideologies in the society, 5. an economic system in which decisions concerning production and investments are made by central authorities in the form of economic plans, 6. an order to leave the place of residence against one’s will, 7. the taking over of property, companies, and private capital by the state Indoctrination Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. control and restriction of the freedom of speech by verifying and publicizing only information that is consistent with the authorities’ point of view, 2. a political and military alliance formed in 1955 by the Eastern Bloc. The dominant role in it was played by the USSR, 3. unfair punishments imposed by the state on citizens, or persecution in the form of retaliation against a specific group, 4. a systematic process of instilling certain political, religious, or social messages and ideologies in the society, 5. an economic system in which decisions concerning production and investments are made by central authorities in the form of economic plans, 6. an order to leave the place of residence against one’s will, 7. the taking over of property, companies, and private capital by the state
Task 3

Find information on the Internet about the current building of the CMEA.

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Former headquarters of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
Source: a. nn., Wikimedia Commons, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0.

Keywords

Planned economy, nationalization, censorship, repression, Warsaw Pact, displacement, indoctrination

Glossary

Countries of people’s democracy
Countries of people’s democracy
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Demoludy – potoczne określenie krajów „demokracji ludowej” w bloku wschodnim. Były one podporządkowane ZSRS, a ich ustrój zmieniono na wzór radziecki. Określenie „demokracja ludowa” miało wskazywać na rzeczywistą władzę ludu.

Planned economy
Planned economy
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Gospodarka planowana – system gospodarczy, w którym decyzje dotyczące produkcji i inwestycji podejmowane są przez władze centralne w postaci planów gospodarczych. Najczęściej występuje w okresie wojny oraz w krajach socjalistycznych. Jest przeciwieństwem wolnego rynku.

Nationalization
Nationalization
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Nacjonalizacja – inaczej upaństwowienie, przejęcie przez państwo majątków, przedsiębiorstw i kapitału prywatnego.

Censorship
Censorship
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Cenzura – kontrola i ograniczenie wolności słowa polegające na weryfikacji i przekazywaniu tylko zgodnych z punktem widzenia władzy informacji. Występuje najczęściej w krajach niedemokratycznych i w czasie konfliktu zbrojnego.

Repressions
Repressions
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Represje – niesprawiedliwe kary nakładane przez państwo wobec obywateli lub prześladowania w formie odwetu na jakiejś grupie.

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon)
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon)
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Rada Wzajemnej Pomocy Gospodarczej (RWPG) – międzynarodowa organizacja gospodarcza państw socjalistycznych istniejąca w latach 1949‑1991.

Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Układ Warszawski – sojusz polityczno‑wojskowy utworzony w 1955 r. przez blok wschodni. Dominującą rolą odgrywał w nim ZSRS. Oficjalnie miał charakter obronny, w rzeczywistością był odpowiedzią na rozszerzenie NATO o RFN i przeciwwagą dla zagrożenia z jego strony Paktu. Istniał do 1991 r.

Displacement
Displacement
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Wysiedlenie – przymusowy nakaz opuszczenia miejsca zamieszkania. Często jest związany ze zmianami granic w wyników konfliktów.

Salami tactics
Salami tactics
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Taktyka salami – potoczne określenie stopniowego eliminowania przedstawicieli partii opozycyjnych do komunistów oraz przejmowanie przez nich władzy. Odnosiła się do krajów demokracji ludowej.

Cominform
Cominform
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Kominform – Biuro Informacyjne Partii Komunistycznych i Robotniczych; utworzone w 1947 r. w Szklarskiej Porębie celem „koordynowania walki z imperializmem” oraz wymiany doświadczeń między partiami komunistycznymi oraz wzajemna pomoc krajom demokracji ludowej.

Indoctrination
Indoctrination
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Indoktrynacja – systematyczny proces wpajania społeczeństwu określonych treści i ideologii politycznych, religijnych lub społecznych. Wykorzystywano w tym celu propagandę w środkach masowego przekazu i systemie nauki szkolnej.

Prague Spring
Prague Spring
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

Praska Wiosna – okres politycznego odprężenia i liberalizacji w 1968 r. stłumiono przez inwazję wojsk Układu Warszawskiego.