Formulate a research question and hypotheses before watching a video or performing the experiment “Testing the dye behavior in a liquid” While watching the video focus on the behavior of dye particles in contact with water.
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Analysis of the experiment: “Testing the dye behavior in a liquid”. Research question (Uzupełnij). Hypothesis (Uzupełnij). Observations (Uzupełnij). Conclusions (Uzupełnij).
Analysis of the experiment: “Testing the dye behavior in a liquid”. Research question (Uzupełnij). Hypothesis (Uzupełnij). Observations (Uzupełnij). Conclusions (Uzupełnij).
Analysis of the experiment: “Testing the dye behavior in a liquid”
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Nagranie filmowe przedstawia zachowanie barwnika w cieczy. Do dużego słoika z wodą wlano niebieski barwnik. Nastąpiła dyfuzja, barwnik gwałtownie zaczął rozchodzić się w objętości wody.
Nagranie filmowe przedstawia zachowanie barwnika w cieczy. Do dużego słoika z wodą wlano niebieski barwnik. Nastąpiła dyfuzja, barwnik gwałtownie zaczął rozchodzić się w objętości wody.
Testing the dye behavior in a liquid
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Nagranie filmowe przedstawia zachowanie barwnika w cieczy. Do dużego słoika z wodą wlano niebieski barwnik. Nastąpiła dyfuzja, barwnik gwałtownie zaczął rozchodzić się w objętości wody.
Diffusion in solids
Diffusion in solids is a process almost impossible to observe in everyday life. In order to investigate this phenomenon, an experience was carried out. Two thoroughly polished plates were placed on each other: one made of lead, the other one made of gold. They were pressed with a weight, and after five years of storing them at room temperature the following findings were made at the 1 mm thick interface between the two layers:
particles of gold in the lead plate,
particles of lead in the gold plate.
This experience confirms that the matters in contact with each other may interpenetrate. This proves that matter has a granular structure.
The Brazil nut paradox
During carriage by sea from South America to Europe, crates filled with various species of nuts were exposed to constant shocks. When the crates were opened, the largest and heaviest Brazil nuts were found on top. Explanation: A small difference in the size of two types of nuts causes the sinking of one type and the emerging of the other type to the surface – this is the „Brazil nut effect”
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Schemat przedstawia serię grafik. Pierwsza seria czterech obrazków wyjaśnia the effect of „brazilian nut”. Na obrazkach znajduje się skrzynia wypełniona małymi, niebieskimi drobinami oraz większymi, pomarańczowymi. Seria obrazów pokazuje zmianę położenia większych, pomarańczowych drobin wewnątrz skrzyni. Na pierwszym obrazku pomarańczowe drobiny znajdują się na dnie skrzyni, na obrazku drugim i trzecim pokazane jest ich przemieszczanie się ku środkowej warstwie. Na czwartym obrazku pomarańczowe drobiny stanowią już górną warstwę skrzyni, wypełnionej niebieskimi, mniejszymi drobinami. Druga seria obrazków przedstawia expected effect of mixed ingredients. Znów mamy serię czterech obrazków skrzyni wypełnionej mniejszymi, różowymi drobinami oraz większymi, zielonymi. Odwrotnie niż w przypadku omówionym powyżej, przedstawione jest przemieszczenie się zielonych, większych drobin. Na pierwszym obrazku zielone drobiny stanowią górną warstwę skrzyni. Na drugim i trzecim pokazane jest ich przemieszczanie się ku środkowej warstwie. Na czwartym obrazku zielone drobiny stanowią już dolną warstwę skrzyni, wypełnionej różowymi, mniejszymi drobinami.
Diffusion leads to the formation of mixtures by changing the position of particles - some particles penetrate between the other ones. The mobility of particles, i.e. the ability to move, depends on the state of matter and temperature. Diffusion occurs in all states of matter – it is the fastest in gases, and the slowest – in solid substances. Diffusion in liquids may last from several hours to several days.
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Schemat przedstawia proces dyfuzji. W środkowej część zamieszczono opisy w kolejności solid, liquid i gas. Nad nimi strzałka w prawo z podpisem increasing the diffusion rate. Pod nimi strzałka w lewo z podpisem reducing the distance between particles.
A special type of diffusion is osmosisosmosisosmosis, which takes place in aqueous solutions, penetrating the semi‑permeable membrane that separates two solutions with different concentration.
Osmosis proceeds spontaneously, from a solution with a lower concentration of dissolved substance to a solution with a higher concentration, i.e. it leads to the equalization of the concentrations of both solutions.
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Schemat przedstawia omówienie procesów dyfuzji i osmozy. Dyfuzja, diffusion, equalization of concentrations occurs are a result of mutual penetration of particles. Type of substances: solids, liquids, gases. Concentration: the dissolved substance moves to a solution of lower concentration. Semipermeable membrane: does not have to be present. Osmoza, osmosis, equalization of the concentrations as a result of the movement of water molecules across the semi-permeable membrane, from lower to more concentrated solution. Type of substance: aqueous solution. Concentration: water penetrates from the lower concentration into the higher concentration solution. Semipermeable membrane: have to be present.
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Exercise 1
Indicate true statements. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Crystal sugar mixing with bean seeds is the phenomenon of contraction., 2. The phenomenon of peat volume increasing when treated with water is called contraction., 3. The exhaust trail left by an airplane is an example of diffusion., 4. A spontaneous process of “spreading out" of substances in a given room is called diffusion.
Indicate true statements. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Crystal sugar mixing with bean seeds is the phenomenon of contraction., 2. The phenomenon of peat volume increasing when treated with water is called contraction., 3. The exhaust trail left by an airplane is an example of diffusion., 4. A spontaneous process of “spreading out" of substances in a given room is called diffusion.
Mark true statements.
Crystal sugar mixing with bean seeds is the phenomenon of contraction.
The phenomenon of peat volume increasing when treated with water is called contraction.
The exhaust trail left by an airplane is an example of diffusion.
A spontaneous process of “spreading out" of substances in a given room is called diffusion.
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Exercise 2
Omów proces zachodzenia dyfuzji.
Omów proces zachodzenia dyfuzji.
Mark the diagram that presents the phenomenon of diffusion.
Description of Figure A
Description of the correct Figure B
Description of Figure C
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Exercise 3
Match the names of the phenomena with their definitions. contraction Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances, it occurs in aqueous solutions through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations, 2. the process consisting in obtaining homogeneity in terms of concentration, density, temperature and other properties of the mixture in a single- or multi-phase environment, 3. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances in such a way that particles of one substance penetrate between the particles of the other substance, 4. the phenomenon of decreasing volumes of solutions during mixing, e.g. water and ethanol, 5. the physical process of the formation of a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent diffusion Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances, it occurs in aqueous solutions through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations, 2. the process consisting in obtaining homogeneity in terms of concentration, density, temperature and other properties of the mixture in a single- or multi-phase environment, 3. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances in such a way that particles of one substance penetrate between the particles of the other substance, 4. the phenomenon of decreasing volumes of solutions during mixing, e.g. water and ethanol, 5. the physical process of the formation of a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent osmosis Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances, it occurs in aqueous solutions through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations, 2. the process consisting in obtaining homogeneity in terms of concentration, density, temperature and other properties of the mixture in a single- or multi-phase environment, 3. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances in such a way that particles of one substance penetrate between the particles of the other substance, 4. the phenomenon of decreasing volumes of solutions during mixing, e.g. water and ethanol, 5. the physical process of the formation of a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent mixing Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances, it occurs in aqueous solutions through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations, 2. the process consisting in obtaining homogeneity in terms of concentration, density, temperature and other properties of the mixture in a single- or multi-phase environment, 3. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances in such a way that particles of one substance penetrate between the particles of the other substance, 4. the phenomenon of decreasing volumes of solutions during mixing, e.g. water and ethanol, 5. the physical process of the formation of a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent dissolution Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances, it occurs in aqueous solutions through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations, 2. the process consisting in obtaining homogeneity in terms of concentration, density, temperature and other properties of the mixture in a single- or multi-phase environment, 3. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances in such a way that particles of one substance penetrate between the particles of the other substance, 4. the phenomenon of decreasing volumes of solutions during mixing, e.g. water and ethanol, 5. the physical process of the formation of a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent
Match the names of the phenomena with their definitions. contraction Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances, it occurs in aqueous solutions through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations, 2. the process consisting in obtaining homogeneity in terms of concentration, density, temperature and other properties of the mixture in a single- or multi-phase environment, 3. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances in such a way that particles of one substance penetrate between the particles of the other substance, 4. the phenomenon of decreasing volumes of solutions during mixing, e.g. water and ethanol, 5. the physical process of the formation of a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent diffusion Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances, it occurs in aqueous solutions through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations, 2. the process consisting in obtaining homogeneity in terms of concentration, density, temperature and other properties of the mixture in a single- or multi-phase environment, 3. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances in such a way that particles of one substance penetrate between the particles of the other substance, 4. the phenomenon of decreasing volumes of solutions during mixing, e.g. water and ethanol, 5. the physical process of the formation of a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent osmosis Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances, it occurs in aqueous solutions through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations, 2. the process consisting in obtaining homogeneity in terms of concentration, density, temperature and other properties of the mixture in a single- or multi-phase environment, 3. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances in such a way that particles of one substance penetrate between the particles of the other substance, 4. the phenomenon of decreasing volumes of solutions during mixing, e.g. water and ethanol, 5. the physical process of the formation of a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent mixing Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances, it occurs in aqueous solutions through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations, 2. the process consisting in obtaining homogeneity in terms of concentration, density, temperature and other properties of the mixture in a single- or multi-phase environment, 3. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances in such a way that particles of one substance penetrate between the particles of the other substance, 4. the phenomenon of decreasing volumes of solutions during mixing, e.g. water and ethanol, 5. the physical process of the formation of a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent dissolution Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances, it occurs in aqueous solutions through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations, 2. the process consisting in obtaining homogeneity in terms of concentration, density, temperature and other properties of the mixture in a single- or multi-phase environment, 3. the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances in such a way that particles of one substance penetrate between the particles of the other substance, 4. the phenomenon of decreasing volumes of solutions during mixing, e.g. water and ethanol, 5. the physical process of the formation of a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent
Match the names of the phenomena with their definitions.
the phenomenon of decreasing volumes of solutions during mixing, e.g. water and ethanol, the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances in such a way that particles of one substance penetrate between the particles of the other substance, the process consisting in obtaining homogeneity in terms of concentration, density, temperature and other properties of the mixture in a single- or multi-phase environment, the phenomenon consisting in the spontaneous mixing of substances, it occurs in aqueous solutions through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations, the physical process of the formation of a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent
contraction
diffusion
osmosis
mixing
dissolution
Summary
Matter is made up of particles that are constantly in motion. Matter has a granular structure.
The most important phenomena confirming the discontinuity of matter are: diffusion, dissolution of solids in liquids, mixing of liquids, changes of state of matter.
Diffusion in gases and liquids occurs faster than in solids.
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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij).
Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
dyfuzja – zjawisko polegające na samorzutnym mieszaniu się substancji, w taki sposób, że drobiny jednych substancji wnikają pomiędzy drobiny innej substancji; zachodzi z różną szybkością i prowadzi do równomiernego rozmieszczenia drobin
kontrakcja objętości – zjawisko zmniejszania się objętości roztworów podczas mieszania, np. wody i etanolu; spowodowane oddziaływaniem drobin i mieszających się substancji
osmoza – zjawisko polegające na samorzutnym mieszaniu się substancji, zachodzi w roztworach wodnych przez błonę półprzepuszczalną rozdzielającą dwa roztwory o różnym stężeniu do momentu wyrównania stężeń
