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Diploid and haploid cells

Diploid and haploid cells.
Source: Nephron, http://commons.wikimedia.org, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Link to lesson

Before you start you should know
  • genetic information is found in the nucleus of the cell in the form of DNA.

You will learn
  • differentiate between haploid and diploid cells and explain how they arise;

  • calculate the haploid and diploid number of chromosomes.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Diploid and haploid cells

In the somatic cells of animals and vascular plants chromosomeschromosomeschromosomes form pairs. Each pair consists of two similar chromosomes that contain information about the same body characteristics. Such chromosomes are called homologous. In human somatic cells there are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Cells that contain such a double set of chromosomes are called diploid cellsdiploid celldiploid cells and is displayed as 2n. Human gametes have 23 chromosomes, i.e. a single set of chromosomes. Such cells are called haploid cellshaploid cellhaploid cells and means 1n. Because the sperm and egg cell are haploid, as a result of fertilization, a diploid cell develops, and the child receives from each parent one set of chromosomes.

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The number of chromosomes in the gametes and the organism that came from them
Source: Andrzej Bogusz, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Task 1

Calculate how many chromosomes are found in the diploid cells of organisms whose haploid cells have the following number of chromosomes in their nuclei: 12, 18, 24.

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Ilustracja złożona z sześciu fotografii. Pierwsza przedstawia lecącego trutnia, czyli samca pszczoły miodnej. Podpis: 1. Drone. This is an example of a haploid organism that arises from uninucleated ova. Na drugiej fotografii kwiaty rosnące na łące, między innymi niebieskie chabry i rumianki o białych płatkach i żółtym środku. Podpis: 2. Somatic cells. Most animals and large parts of plants are diploid - usually species and varieties that were created without human intervention. Trzecia fotografia przedstawia zielono- żółte kłosy zbóż. Podpis: 3. The polyploid organism. The wheat variety originated in the interspecific crossworms in somatic cells contains (6n) chromosomes, this means that it is a hexapliodal organism. Na czwartej fotografii karp o złoto-niebieskich łuskach pływający w wodzie. Podpis: 4. Polyploid organism. Carps, thanks to the larger size of the body, are willingly used for consumption. Fotografia piąta przedstawia różowo-żółty kwiat dalii. Podpis: 5. The polyploid organism. Dahlia garden varieties have a multiplied set of chromosomes. Na szóstej fotografii czerwone jabłko o wydłużonym kształcie. Podpis: 6. The polyploid organism. Variety of apple trees "Red chief" bearing large and tasty apples is tetraploid (4n).
Haploidness, diploidicity and polyploidy in nature
Source: David Monniaux, Lestat (Jan Mehlich), Waugsberg, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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Exercise 1
Ćwiczenie połącz w pary. Match the description of the cell to its type. haploid cell Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. contains a double set of chromosomes, 2. contains at least a triple set of chromosomes, 3. contains a single set of chromosomes diploid cell Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. contains a double set of chromosomes, 2. contains at least a triple set of chromosomes, 3. contains a single set of chromosomes polyploid cell Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. contains a double set of chromosomes, 2. contains at least a triple set of chromosomes, 3. contains a single set of chromosomes
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Exercise 2
Ćwiczenie uzupełnij luki. Complete the text below. If the haploid gametes of a crop plant contain 1n = 7 chromosomes, then the typical diploid specimen of this plant will have 2 n = (uzupełnij) chromosomes in somatic cells.In order to grow a triploid plant that yields seedless fruit, a diploid gamete with a chromosome number equal to (uzupełnij) n = (uzupełnij) should be obtained and connected to the haploid gamete. The triploid plant in each somatic cell will therefore have 3n = (uzupełnij) chromosomes. Obtaining a tetraploid plant, giving exceptionally large fruit, will require the combination of two diploid gametes. In this case, the total number of chromosomes in somatic cells will be (uzupełnij) n = 28. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 6, 8, 27, 12.14, 2, 21, 4, 14

Summary

  • Diploid cells contain a double set of chromosomes, and haploid cells – a single one.

Keywords

diploid cells, haploid cells, chromosomes

Glossary

chromosomes
chromosomes
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

chromosomy – podziałowa postać DNA; wydłużone, pałeczkowate struktury powstające z nici DNA w jądrze tuż przed podziałem komórki i widoczne w czasie podziału jądra

diploid cell
diploid cell
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

komórka diploidalna – komórka, która zawiera podwójny zestaw (liczbę) chromosomów (2n)

haploid cell
haploid cell
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

komórka haploidalna – komórka, która zawiera pojedynczy zestaw (liczbę) chromosomów (1n)