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Division of electromagnetic waves and their application

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Podział fal elektromagnetycznych oraz ich zastosowanie

You will learn
  • recognize different types of electromagnetic waves.

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nagranie abstraktu

Before you start, answer the question.

  • How the information is sent using mobile phones?

Electromagnetic waves
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Electromagnetic waves are an effect of an oscillationoscillationoscillation of electric and magnetic fields. They are also called electromagnetic radiationradiationradiation, light or photons.

Electromagnetic radiationradiationradiation propagates in the vacuum at a constant speed of about 3 ∙ 10Indeks górny 8ms. It propagates in the wave motion. The electric field oscillates in a perpendicular plane to the magnetic field oscillationoscillationoscillation plane. Both oscillation planes are perpendicular to the direction of the wave motion.

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Na ilustracji interaktywnej pokazana jest strzałka (3), wzdłuż niej pole magnetyczne i elektryczne w postaci prostopadłych do siebie sinusoid w kolorze niebieskim (2) i różowym (1). Pomiędzy grzbietami fali zaznaczona jest długość fali (wavelength) greckim symbolem lambda. Na ilustracji widoczne są numery, a na nich podpisy. 1. magnetic field {audio}, 2. electric field {audio}, 3. direction of propagation {audio}.
Electromagnetic wave
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Frequency and wavelength
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The propagationpropagationpropagation of electromagnetic waves can be described in any medium by the relation:

λ=vf

where:
λ - is the wavelength,
v - its speed,
f - the frequencyfrequencyfrequency.

In the vacuum electromagnetic waves travel with the speed of light and this formula can be rewritten as:

λ=cf

where:
c - is the speed of light.

The electromagnetic wave transfers energy not in a continuous manner but in portions, called quanta. The smaller the wavelength, the larger the portions of energy carried by the wave.

Calculate the parameters of an electromagnetic wave.

Exercise 1
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An electromagnetic waveelectromagnetic waveelectromagnetic wave travels in vacuum and has a length of 7,5 ∙ 10Indeks górny -2 m. What is its frequencyfrequencyfrequency?

Types of electromagnetic waves
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Electromagnetic waves play very important role in our daily life. We use them in communication technology, in science and industry, in medicine, in culture and entertainment.

Electromagnetic waveselectromagnetic waveElectromagnetic waves are used to transmit radio signals (long, short and ultrashort waves) as well as TV signals, mobile phone and wireless devices signals. They are also used for transmitting energy in the form of microwaves, infrared radiationradiationradiation (IR), visible light (VIS), ultraviolet light (UV), X‑rays, and gamma rays.

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Source: Philip Ronan, Gringer, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
γ‑rays
Definition: γ‑rays
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Gamma rays have the smallest wavelengths and carry the largest portion of energy among the waves in the electromagnetic spectrumelectromagnetic spectrumelectromagnetic spectrum. They are produced by stars and by some radioactive substances.

X‑rays
Definition: X‑rays
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X‑rays carry also a large portions of energy and have high frequencies. They are used for medical imaging, treating cancer and even used for exploring the cosmos.

Ultraviolet rays
Definition: Ultraviolet rays
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Ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans, but visible to a number of insects and birds.

Ultraviolet rays make black‑light posters glow and are responsible for summer tans — and sunburns.

Visible spectrum
Definition: Visible spectrum
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Human eyes are sensitive to only a very narrow band of electromagnetic waves referred as the visible light spectrum. In daily life this spectrum is called simply “light”. The range of the visible light is from approximately 700 nanometers (abbreviated nm) to approximately 400 nm. Expressed in SI units, the range of wavelengths extends from 7 ∙ 10Indeks górny -7 m to 4 ∙ 10Indeks górny -7 m.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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The sense of sight is the most sensitive to green and its shades. Therefore, green lights are used as a signal to move in traffic. It is also worth to use this color when we are recording important information. Among the many lines of monochrome (black, blue) text, the eye will focus on the part written (marked) in green.

Infrared radiation
Definition: Infrared radiation
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Infrared radiationradiationradiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. They are also used in night‑vision cameras.

Microwaves
Definition: Microwaves
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Microwaves are most often used in satellite communications, when transmitting radar, telephone and navigation signals.  

Radio waves
Definition: Radio waves
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Radio waves are used to transmit radio signals emitted by e.g. radio broadcasting stations, radar devices, and other navigation systems, communication satellites.

Exercise 2
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Why an application of a UV cream is recommended in very sunny days?

Remember
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  • Electromagnetic waves are created as a result of oscillationoscillationoscillation of an electric field and a magnetic field.

  • Electromagnetic waves play very important role in our daily life. We use them in communication technology, in science, industry and medicine.

Exercises

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Exercise 3
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Compared to all other types of electromagnetic radiation, radio waves have the lowest frequency., 2. An overexposure to ultraviolet rays can result in sunburns and in the worst case to skin cancer., 3. The wavelength is the number of waves per unit of time., 4. The visible light spectrum covers most of the electromagnetic wave spectrum.
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 4

Arrange the listed electromagnetic waves according to the increasing wavelength: X‑rays, visible light spectrum, infrared waves, radio waves, microwaves, gamma rays.

Exercise 5

Choose some types of electromagnetic waves and describe in English where they can be applied.

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Exercise 6
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. fala elektromagnetyczna - electromagnetic wave, 2. częstotliwość - frequency, 3. oscylacja - oscillation, 4. widmo elektromagnetyczne - electromagnetic spectrum, 5. promień - radiation, 6. promieniowanie - propagation
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

electromagnetic wave
electromagnetic wave

fala elektromagnetyczna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: electromagnetic wave
frequency
frequency

częstotliwość

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wymowa w języku angielskim: frequency
oscillation
oscillation

oscylacja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: oscillation
electromagnetic spectrum
electromagnetic spectrum

widmo elektromagnetyczne

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wymowa w języku angielskim: electromagnetic spectrum
propagation
propagation

rozchodzenie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: propagation
ray
ray

promień

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wymowa w języku angielskim: ray
radiation
radiation

promieniowanie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: radiation

Keywords

electromagnetic waveelectromagnetic waveelectromagnetic wave

frequencyfrequencyfrequency

oscillationoscillationoscillation

electromagnetic spectrumelectromagnetic spectrumelectromagnetic spectrum

propagationpropagationpropagation