Wróć do informacji o e-podręczniku Wydrukuj Pobierz materiał do PDF Pobierz materiał do EPUB Pobierz materiał do MOBI Zaloguj się, aby dodać do ulubionych Zaloguj się, aby skopiować i edytować materiał Zaloguj się, aby udostępnić materiał Zaloguj się, aby dodać całą stronę do teczki
R1cafX6w3hym2

Environmental lab equipment

Source: fernandozhiminaicela, http://pixabay.com, licencja: CC 0.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • how to safely observe nature and natural phenomena;

  • how to maintain safety in the laboratory.

You will learn
  • discuss and describe the elements of laboratory equipment;

  • name instruments that help in observation and experience;

  • describe the structure of the microscope;

  • draw simple microscope slide.

RxEEuNfmcZ8We
nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

What's in the laboratory?

What is the difference between a laboratory and other classrooms? Certainly there are many instruments and objects in it that will help in getting to know nature. These can be, for example, didactic boards, maps, models (eg artificial human skeleton). Possibly there are live pot plants, and perhaps also small animals – aquarium fish, snails or hamsters. In the lab, you can also find containers of different substances and beakers and test tubes for experiments.

What are the laboratory's equipment? Didactic boards they show various schemes (eg the construction of an animal) or processes, such as the water cycle in nature. Currently, paper boards are increasingly being replaced with electronic equivalents displayed on the screen or on an interactive whiteboard. Models like the artificial skeleton, solar system model or globe allow us to imagine the actual appearance of things that we can not see with our own eyes, and understand the operation of some of them. Microscopic preparationsmicroscopic preparationMicroscopic preparations and dried plants from the herbarium are examples of scientific aids, thanks to which we can look closely at species found in nature, also those that are rare or do not exist in our country. Other equipment of the laboratory are instruments and materials needed to perform various observations and experiments.

Important!

Observation occurs when the researcher only observes an organism or a natural phenomenon and does not affect in any way what is happening. In the case of experiments, the researcher sets the process conditions independently, eg adjusts the lighting or temperature at which the test is carried out.

How to see the invisible?

The equipment in the laboratory also includes optical instrumentsoptical instrumentsoptical instruments. Thanks to magnifying lenses, ie specially shaped transparent objects, it is possible to observe objects that are hardly visible or imperceptible to the naked eye. Such devices are, for example, a magnifier and binoculars. Magnifier allows you to see closely small animals or details of the structure of plants or minerals. Binoculars in turn, it allows you to look at distant objects, like birds on tree branches. A very interesting device is the microscopemicroscopemicroscope, thanks to which you can see objects so small that you can not see them with the naked eye. The microscope can magnify their image hundreds of times. Remember that this is a precision device that must be handled with care.

RSkwZMi7k0Bay
Ilustracja przedstawia mikroskop. Na ilustracji umieszczono opisy jego budowy: 1. Eyepiece Eyepiece is a lens through which you view the preparation on the table., 2. Tube The tube contains a set of lenses, thanks to which we can see an enlarged image., 3. Fine focus screw The fine focus screw is used to adjust the sharpness., 4. Coarse focus screw The coarse focus screw moves farther from or closer to the table from the lens., 5. Turret A turret is a rotating disk with lenses for different magnification., 6. Stage clips The stage clips are used to attach the slides to the table., 7. Stage The slides are placed on the stage., 8. Light Bulb / Mirror A light bulb is used to illuminate the slides. Sometimes there is a mirror instead., 9. Lens The lens is the lens located over the viewed slides.
Construction of the microscope
Source: PublicDomainPictures, licencja: CC 0.

When discussing the construction of optical devices, we will meet with the names of the eyepiece and the lens. The eyepiece is the lens that is closest to our eye, while the lens is the furthest lens through which the light enters the interior of the device.

R1T6KzyXuLNN0
Ilustracja graficzna. Opisano: 1. Place 1 drop of water onto your slide. Use an eyedropper to drop 1 drop of water onto the exact center of either a flat or concave slide. This water droplet is what gives the wet mount its name. The liquid keeps the sample specimen moist and prevent wet, organic sample specimens from drying out and distorting their shape. The water also preserves living specimens, such as single-celled organisms. If you’d like to make a permanent slide using dead organic material, you can use a thin layer of clear nail polish instead of a water droplet., 2. Scrape or slice a section of wet sample specimen. Sample specimens used for wet mounts are typically wet or living organic material. Use a razor blade or toothpick to cut or scrape up a small amount of your wet specimen. Materials commonly used to make wet mount slides include: Cheek cells or tooth plaque (scraped from your mouth with a toothpick). A thin cross-section of a plant stem (cut with a razor blade). If you’re studying single-celled organisms—e.g., an amoeba or paramecium—tweezers will do little good. Instead, use a clean eyedropper to pick up a couple of drops of the water in which the single-celled organisms or algae are swimming., 3. Place your sample specimen in your drop of water. Depending on the type of material you’re using as your sample specimen, use a pair of forceps, tweezers, or a toothpick to transfer your specimen to the slide. Set the specimen in the center of your water droplet, so that it’s suspended in the liquid. If you’re using an eyedropper to pick up single-celled organisms, place 1 or 2 drops into the water drop already on the slide., 4. Set a cover slip on top of the wet specimen. Hold the cover slip at a 45° angle. Set one of the edges down right next to the specimen on the water drop. Then lower the other side of the slide until it’s flat on top of the specimen. You should see the water drop spread out beneath the cover slip until they reach its edges. Do not tap or press on the cover slip once it is in place. If you do you’ll risk squishing the sample specimen and water off of the slide.
Preparing a Wet Mount
Source: Wikivisual, licencja: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.
RKrNVAIW0ZLEN
Ilustracja graficzna. Opisano: 1. Ilustracja graficzna przedstawiająca ludzką rękę trzymającą prostokątne szkło mikroskopowe nad zapaloną lampką . Po prawej stronie na biurku stoi mikroskop. Podpisano: Select a clean slide. Hold a slide up to a light source and look through to make sure it’s free from smudges and dirt. Most microscope slides are flat on top and bottom and rectangular in shape. They are clear, allowing light from the microscope to pass through and illuminate the translucent sample specimen. If your slide is dirty or smudged, you won’t be able to effectively examine your specimen. If you find that your microscope slide has any contamination on it—including your own fingerprints—give it a quick wash with liquid soap and water. Dry the slide using a clean cloth. Do not use tissues or paper towels, as these can leave lint behind., 2. Ilustracja graficzna przedstawiająca liścia trzymanego ludzką ręką. Podpisano: Inspect the specimen to determine if it needs to be sliced. The sample specimen needs to be translucent (or semitransparent) to transparent in order for light to pass through. If light cannot fully pass through the specimen and into the microscope’s eyepiece, you won’t be able to see the specimen through the microscope. Some of the specimens (e.g., a strand of hair or an insect wing) are thin and translucent on their own, and will not need to be sliced with a razor blade., 3. Ilustracja graficzna przedstawiająca liść oraz nożyk przecinający skórkę blaszki liścia. Strzałka wskazuje na kierunek ruchu nożyka. Podpisano: Slice off a thin piece of the sample specimen. Use a razor blade to cut your specimen material into a thin, translucent slice. Dry mounts are the simplest to prepare, since they do not use any liquid between the slide and the specimen. A dry mount is ideal for inspecting samples that are not at risk of drying out. Materials that are commonly dry mounted include: Cork or balsa wood. Flower petals or leaves. Insect legs or wings. Hair, fur, or feathers., 4. Ilustracja graficzna przedstawiająca nałożenie szczypcami preparatu na szkło mikroskopowe, trzymane ludzką ręką. Strzałka wskazuje miejsce ułożenia preparatu. Podpisano: Place the sample specimen on the slide. Use a pair of forceps to pick up the thin slice of your sample specimen. Delicately lay it on one side of the slide. If you are using a concave slide (in which one side dips down), place the specimen in the center of the concave area. Mount the specimen on a concave slide if you’re concerned that the specimen will roll or slide off the flat slide. For example, use a concave slide if you’re preparing a curled flower petal that rolls to one side or the other. For all other types of specimens, a flat slide will work fine., 5. Ilustracja graficzna przedstawiająca miejsce nałożenia szkła nakrywkowego przygotowanego preparatu. Podpisano: Set a cover slip over the sample specimen. The cover slip prevents the sample specimen from tumbling off the slide. The slip will also protect the sample specimen in case one of the microscope’s users accidentally lowers the lens so much that it taps the specimen. Cover slips are very thin, transparent pieces of glass or, more commonly, plastic. Each slip is about 3⁄4 inch (1.9 cm) in both width and length. Your prepared slide is now ready to be inspected beneath a microscope.
Preparing a Dry Mount
Source: Wikivisual, licencja: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.
R1dRW8OZMCWJq
Exercise 1
Omów elementy budowy mikroskopu.
Source: Clker-Free-Vector-Images, licencja: CC 0.

Summary

  • In your laboratory you can find, among others Didactic boards, mineral samples, herbals, microscope preparations, as well as optical instruments, globes and beakers.

  • An important equipment of the laboratory is the microscope – an optical device used to observe objects invisible to the naked eye.

Keywords

laboratory equipment, microscope, microscopic preparation

RQ1xFkxTAlexs
Exercise 2
Match the pairs: English words with Polish definition. microscope Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. wyposażone w specjalne soczewki przyrządy służące do obserwacji obiektów, których nie da się obejrzeć gołym okiem lub poprawy wad wzroku, 2. bardzo niewielka próbka substancji, np. cienki skrawek tkanki, używana do badań z użyciem mikroskopu, 3. urządzenie optyczne pozwalające na dokładną obserwację obiektów niewidocznych gołym okiem optical instruments Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. wyposażone w specjalne soczewki przyrządy służące do obserwacji obiektów, których nie da się obejrzeć gołym okiem lub poprawy wad wzroku, 2. bardzo niewielka próbka substancji, np. cienki skrawek tkanki, używana do badań z użyciem mikroskopu, 3. urządzenie optyczne pozwalające na dokładną obserwację obiektów niewidocznych gołym okiem microscopic preparation Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. wyposażone w specjalne soczewki przyrządy służące do obserwacji obiektów, których nie da się obejrzeć gołym okiem lub poprawy wad wzroku, 2. bardzo niewielka próbka substancji, np. cienki skrawek tkanki, używana do badań z użyciem mikroskopu, 3. urządzenie optyczne pozwalające na dokładną obserwację obiektów niewidocznych gołym okiem

Glossary

microscope
microscope
R18fmNJnkUUXe
nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

mikroskop – urządzenie optyczne pozwalające na dokładną obserwację obiektów niewidocznych gołym okiem

optical instruments
optical instruments
RJLDkPjO7JX4m
nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

przyrządy optyczne – wyposażone w specjalne soczewki przyrządy służące do obserwacji obiektów, których nie da się obejrzeć gołym okiem lub poprawy wad wzroku

microscopic preparation
microscopic preparation
R1Iu5WlYj6r1I
Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

preparat mikroskopowy – bardzo niewielka próbka substancji, np. cienki skrawek tkanki, używana do badań z użyciem mikroskopu