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Sexual features

Reproduction, or giving birth to offspring and ensuring the continuity of the species, is the most important task of the reproductive system to which the human body is properly adapted.

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Na schemacie wymieniono funkcje układu rozrodczego: functions of the reproductive system- reproductive cell production, secretion of sex hormones, allowing fertilization 1 feminine- ensuring proper conditions for the development of the fetus- entering of the fetus to the world, 2 masculine - storing and feeding sperm, introduction of sperm into the genital tract

Sexual features are divided into primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary and secondary characteristics are internal and external organs of the reproductive system. In the internal organs is the production of reproductive cells and their transport, in the female organs also the development of the fetus. External genital organs are involved in the transmission of reproductive cells. Tertiary features are not directly related to the act of reproduction and are mainly related to differences in the appearance and behavior of women and men.

Female reproductive system

The female reproductive system produces female gametesgametesgametes – egg cells– and creates conditions for fertilization and development of the embryo and later the fetus. We divide the female reproductive organs into external and internal ones.

The external genital organs are:

• pubic mound, built of fat, covered with pubic hair;

• labia smaller and larger (vulva), which in the form of skin folds protect the entrance to the vagina and the outlet of the urethra;

• clitoris, which contains particularly many sensory cells that enhance sexual arousal.

The internal genital organs include:

• ovaries –organs of the size of plums with ovarian follicles; each of them contains an egg cell at various stages of development; when the egg matures, it breaks and releases, and this goes to the fallopian tube;

• Fallopian tube, from the ovary which takes the form of a funnel; this structure makes catching the egg easier; the walls of the fallopian tube are made of smooth muscle and lined with ciliated epithelium; muscle contraction and cilia movement allows the egg to move towards the uterus, which connects the other end of the fallopian tube;

• uterus – an organ whose walls are built of highly developed smooth muscle tissue and covered with a thick layer of mucous membrane allowing the implantation of the embryo; muscles during pregnancy extend, adjusting the size of the uterus to the size of the developing fetus; during the birth they shrink, helping the child to leave the mother's body; the uterus has the shape of a pear; its wider part, called the stem, is directed upwards, the bottom, narrower, forms the downward facing neck;

• vagina – muscular passage of the one part comprising the cervix and the other opens out on the outside; through the vagina to the genital track the male reproductive cells enter; this is also where menstrual blood is discharged, and during childbirth through the vaginal canal, the child enters into the world.

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Ilustracja przedstawia schematycznie pionowy przekrój przez układ rozrodczy kobiety, Female reproductive system, side view. Przedstawiono części układu rozrodczego żeńskiego i układu moczowego. U góry różowy jajnik, ovary i na nim jajowód, fallopian tube. Niżej pomarańczowa macica, uterus, przechodząca w brązową pochwę, vagina i srom, vulva. Obok z lewej żółty pęcherz moczowy, baldder i bladoróżowa cewka moczowa, urethra. Z prawej szary zarys odbytnicy.

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Ilustracja przedstawia narządy rozrodcze kobiety, widok z przodu, symetrycznie. Różowy trójkątny kształt to macica, uterus. Po bokach ma pęcherzykowate jajniki, ovaries. Od nich brązowy jajowód, fallopian tube do jamy macicy, uterus z ciemno-różowymi ścianami. Niżej zgrubienie podpisane jako szyjka macicy, cervix. U dołu vagina.

Male reproductive system

The male reproductive system is responsible for the production of sperm (spermatozoid) and male sex hormones and the introduction of male reproductive cells into the female reproductive tract. It is made of external and internal organs.

The external sexual organs are:

• scrotum –a thin, hair‑covered dermal‑muscular bag, in which there are testicles, epididymides and the initial parts of vas deferens;

• penis has a dual role: it is part of the urinary system, because it contains the urethra, it is also an organ that introduces gametes to the female genital tract; in the penis there are sinuses to which blood may flow in, causing it to stiffen and enlarge; this state is called erection and enables sexual act.

The internal sexual organs include:

• testicles – glands made of long and thin seminal tubules, in which male reproductive cells – sperm (spermatozoid) are produced; between the tubules are the cells that produce male sex hormones; the presence of these hormones in the fetal life determines the appearance of primary and secondary male sex characteristics;

• epididymis – organs adjacent to the testicles in which sperm (spermatozoid) are stored;

• vas deferens, that start in the epididymis and lead the sperm to the urethra; the secretions of seminal vesicles and prostate gland are also discharged into the vas deferens; it contains nutrients and stimulates sperm to move in the female reproductive track and allows them to reach the egg cell; sperm suspension in liquid secretion of seminal vesicles and prostate is called semen (sperm).

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Ilustracja przedstawia schematycznie pionowy układu rozrodczego i moczowego mężczyzny, Male reproductive system, side view. U dołu żółte jądro, testicle w worku – mosznie, scrotum. Na nim różowe najądrze, epididymis przechodzące w długi nasieniowód, vas deferens. Za pomarańczowym pęcherzem moczowym najądrze ma pęcherzyk nasienny, seminal vesicle. Dalej drogi rozrodcze i moczowe są wspólne jako cewka moczowa, urethra. Przy ich połączeniu czerwony gruczoł krokowy, prostate. Z lewej zwisające prącie, penis z różowym ciałem jamistym. Z prawej szary zarys odbytnicy.

Gametes

The female gamete, or the reproductive cell, is the egg cellegg cellegg cell. It does not have the ability to move and is the largest of human cells. It ripens on average every 28 days in the ovarian follicle, most often in one ovary, alternately – once in the left, once in the right. When the egg cells matures too much, there is a chance that dizygotic twins will be created during the fertilization process. Capable of fertilization, a mature egg cell contains egg yolk, which is a nourishing material for the embryo. The embryo will use it until it is implanted in the endometrium. The movement of female gametes in the fallopian tube takes 72 hours. After this time, it loses her ability to be fertilized.

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Ilustracja przedstawia okrągłą komórkę jajową, egg cell z fioletowym jądrem, cell nucleus. Beżowa cytoplazma z plamkami. Wokół komórki różowa osłonka i na zewnątrz liczne, luźno ułożone brązowe komórki.

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Ilustracja przedstawia poziomo wydłużony plemnik. U góry podpisane części: główka, head, wstawka, inset, wić, tail. Z lewej na główce zielony akrosom, acrosome. We wnętrzu duże fioletowe jądro komórkowe, cell nucleus. We wstawce liczne niebieskie, okrągłe mitochondria, mitochondrion.

Mature spermatozoid (sperm)spermatozoid (sperm)spermatozoid (sperm) is made of a head, tail and acrosome. The tail is the longest part of the sperm (spermatozoid) and allows it to actively move towards the egg cell. The energy needed for movement arises in the mitochondria that fill it in large numbers. The sperm (spermatozoid) is the proper reproductive cell that penetrates inside the egg cell. It contains a cell nucleus and a very small amount of cytoplasm. On the surface of the head there is a reservoir (acrosome) with enzymes used for dissolving the egg coat. They allow the sperm to penetrate inside the female gamete. Sperm (spermatozoid) with a tail is more than 20 times smaller than the diameter of the egg.

Ovum and sperm (spermatozoid), connecting with each other in the process of fertilization, give birth to a new organism that inherits the traits of father and mother.

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Animacja p.t. "Process of fertilization" przedstawiająca proces zapłodnienia komórki jajowej komórką plemnika. Wiele plemników otacza komórkę jajową, ale tylko jeden może przedostać się do jej wnętrza. Kiedy jeden z plemników przebije się przez błonę komórkową komórki jajowej, dociera do jej jądra i łączy się z nią.

Animacja p.t. "Process of fertilization" przedstawiająca proces zapłodnienia komórki jajowej komórką plemnika. Wiele plemników otacza komórkę jajową, ale tylko jeden może przedostać się do jej wnętrza. Kiedy jeden z plemników przebije się przez błonę komórkową komórki jajowej, dociera do jej jądra i łączy się z nią.

Film dostępny na portalu epodreczniki.pl

Animacja p.t. "Process of fertilization" przedstawiająca proces zapłodnienia komórki jajowej komórką plemnika. Wiele plemników otacza komórkę jajową, ale tylko jeden może przedostać się do jej wnętrza. Kiedy jeden z plemników przebije się przez błonę komórkową komórki jajowej, dociera do jej jądra i łączy się z nią.

Summary

• Reproduction is a life process that ensures the continuity of the species.

• Primary, secondary and tertiary sexual characteristics are adaptation to reproduction.

• The female reproductive system is designed to produce eggs cell, create conditions for embryo and fetal development, and release the baby to the world.

• The male reproductive system is responsible for the production of sperm (spermatozoid) and introducing them to the female reproductive tract.

• In the fertilization process, germ cells are involved: egg cell and sperm (spermatozoid).

• The ovum (egg cell) is an immobile female gamete containing genetic material from the mother.

• Sperm (spermatozoid) is a busy male gamete containing genetic material from his father; it is made of a head and tail

Keywords

egg cell, sperm (spermatozoid), fertilization, female reproductive system, male reproductive system

Glossary