Heterotrophy, autotrophy
feeding is one of the basic life functions;
each organism requires basic nutrients;
plants are autotrophs, animals and fungi are heterotrophs.
to explain what feeding is;
to show the similarities and differences between autotrophy and heterotrophy;
to explain the difference between internal digestion and external digestion.
Heterotrophy
Food of heterotrophs consists of organic compounds produced by other organisms. Animals, fungi, most of the bacteria and some protistsprotists are heterotrophs. HerbivoreHerbivore animals eat entire plants or fragments of plants. CarnivoresCarnivores include predatorspredators, which hunt other organisms and scavengersscavengers – species which do not hunt, but feed on the dead bodies of animals, e.g. remains left by predators. Omnivores are animals eating both plants and animals. ParasitesParasites absorb food from the bodies of representatives of other species, called hosts. Some parasites live on the bodies of their hosts, whereas others live inside them. It is in the interests of parasites that the host should live as long as possible, providing them with access to nutrients. Plants can also be parasites.
SaprobesSaprobes feed on dead organic matter, mainly organic remains in forest floor, soil or river mud.
Food absorbed by the organism must nourish every cell of its body. That is why large portions of food are first crushed, then decomposed into simple compounds, as that is the only form in which they can be absorbed into the cells. The process of decomposition of larger portions of food is called digestiondigestion and happens in participation of digestive enzymes. These special proteins speed up the decomposition of complex compounds into simpler compounds.
Write down the research question and hypothesis before watching the video „Nutrition”. While watching the video note down observations and eventually – your conclusions.
Film dostępny na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Film przedstawia łańcuch pokarmowy. Szczur zjada jeżyny. W jeżynach zawarte są węglowodany, carbohydrates, witaminy, vitamins, woda, water. Szczura zjada kot. Szczur stanowi dla kota pokarm bogaty w białka, proteins, tłuszcze, fats, sole mineralne, mineral salts, witaminy, vitamins i wodę, water. Dzięki pokarmowi bogatemu w w składniki odżywcze kot może się rozmnażać.
Having taken into consideration feeding methods, classify the following organisms into given groups: human, mistletoe, whale, bacteria causing caries.
Internal digestion takes place inside the body in the digestive system, like in the case of rabbits. External digestion takes place outside the organism, as in the case of champignon.
Autotrophy
Autotrophs are green plants and other organisms that have a green pigment that is able to absorb light (e.g. algae and Cyanobacteria). Autotrophs produce necessary organic compounds on their own, during photosynthesis – they absorb water and carbon dioxide from the environment, and, in the presence of the light, they transform it into glucose. For autotrophs, glucose is a source of energy (food). In plants, glucose is produced mainly in leaves and must be transported into all the cells which it nourishes.
A commmon toothwort is hidden under the ground nearly for its entire life, where using its suckers it attaches itself to tree and plant roots. You can find out about its presence only when you notice pink sprouts with small flowers on the surface. Explain the features that differentiate toothwort from other plants.
Group together the nutrients
watermelon, chickpeas, cakes, wholemeal bread with plenty of seeds, apple, avocado, carrot, potato, wholemeal bread with plenty of seeds, flour, chicken breast fillet, eggs, blueberry, water rich in minerals, strawberry, olive oil, wholemeal bread with plenty of seeds
| fats | |
|---|---|
| carbohydrates | |
| protein | |
| vitamins | |
| minerals |
Match the nutrients according to their energy value
0 kcal/g, 4 kcal/g, 9 kcal/g
| fats | |
| proteins | |
| vitamins |
Match the functions of the nutrients with their definition
they are used as “fuel” that provide energy, help regulate processes that take place in the body, they are the building element needed to create, regenerate and sustain tissues
| building (proteins, minerals) | |
| energetic (carbohydrates, fats) | |
| regulatory (vitamins, minerals) |
Decide who is described in the following short text
Carnivore, Scavenger, Herbivore, Saprobionts
...................... are heterotrophic ogranisms that live in a decomposing organic matter which they use as food.
Summary
Feeding is based on providing organisms with matter needed to build cells and energy necessary to perform life functions.
Because of the way how an organism feeds, we divide them into autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Autotrophs synthesize organic compounds on their own, whereas heterotrophs use organic compounds produced by autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
In order to move you need energy from the food.
1. Enumerate similarities and differences in feeding of autotrophs and heterotrophs.
2. Moulding of the bread is the result of the feeding of fungi, e.g. Mucor mucedo, a common mould fungus. Which group of organisms does it belong to, when the criteria is the way it feeds?
3. Explain whether the notions of “predator” and “carnivore” have the same meaning.
Keywords
autotrophs, heterotrophs, nutrition
Glossary
cudzożywność – inaczej heterotrofizm; sposób odżywiania się organizmów polegający na korzystaniu ze związków organicznych wytworzonych przez organizmy samożywne lub inne organizmy cudzożywne
drapieżnik – organizm cudzożywny żywiący się ciałem upolowanego zwierzęcia
roślinożerca – organizm cudzożywny odżywiający się pokarmem roślinnym
mięsożerca – organizm cudzożywny odżywiający się żywymi lub martwymi tkankami zwierzęcymi
padlinożerca – zwierzę odżywiające się padliną (ciałami martwych zwierząt)
pasożyt – organizm cudzożywny żyjący kosztem żywego organizmu innego gatunku (żywiciela)
protisty – grupa organizmów niepasujących do żadnej z grup: zwierząt, roślin, grzybów, bakterii; skupia organizmy jedno- i wielokomórkowe, samożywne i cudzożywne
samożywność – inaczej autotrofizm; sposób odżywiania się organizmów polegający na wytwarzaniu złożonych związków organicznych (węglowodanów, białek, tłuszczów) z prostych substancji nieorganicznych (dwutlenek węgla, woda, sole mineralne) w procesie fotosyntezy lub chemosyntezy
saprobiont – organizm cudzożywny odżywiający się martwą materią organiczną
trawienie – proces rozkładu wielkocząsteczkowych związków organicznych na związki proste w celu wchłonięcia i przyswojenia ich przez organizm