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How to warm up in winter?

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • that the substances we use to make things have different properties;

  • that all substances are made of particles, and their speed of movement depends on the temperature;

  • how to dress properly according to the season.

You will learn
  • give examples of good and bad heat conductors;

  • plan and carry out an experiment regarding the transfer of heat from a hot object to a cooler one;

  • discuss the ways of protection against temperatures that are too high and too low;

  • give examples of the uses of good and bad conductors of heat.

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nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Disappearing heat

Remember what happens when you take a warm bath – your body warms up. However, when you make a snowball in the winter, your hands freeze. Why is this happening?

Items warm up or cool because they take or give away heat. Heat flows (moves) from an object with a higher temperature to an object with a lower temperature.

The ability of a substance to conduct heat is called thermal conductivitythermal conductivitythermal conductivity. The substances that conduct heat well, we say that they are good heat conductorsheat conductorheat conductors. All metals belong to this group, e.g. copper, silver. Materials that poorly conduct heat are called insulatorsinsulatorinsulators. These include, for example, wood and polystyrene. All substances in the form of liquids and gases conduct heat poorly.

Task 1

Before you watch the movie „Thermal conductivity of metals, wood and plastic”, Write down the research question and the hypothesis. Watch the observations while watching the movie, and finally - conclusions.

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Analysis of the experiment. Research question (Uzupełnij). Hypothesis (Uzupełnij). Observations (Uzupełnij). Conclusions (Uzupełnij).
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Nagranie filmowe przedstawiające eksperyment, w którym sprawdzane jest, jak przenosi się ciepło. Doświadczenie przeprowadzane jest w laboratorium, gdzie znajduje się stół, na którym położone są rzeczy potrzebne do doświadczenia takie jak: beaker, metal spoon, wooden fork, plastic fork, hot water, butter. Przebieg doświadczenia: nabijamy masło na łyżkę, widelec plastikowy oraz patyczek drewniany, po czym wkładamy wszystko do zlewki w pozycji stojącej masłem do góry. Następnie wlewamy gorącą wodę do połowy. Po kilku minutach widoczne jest, jak dany materiał przenosi ciepło. Masło na widelcu plastikowym i patyczku drewnianym zostało, natomiast na łyżce metalowej się roztopiło.

Heat transfer

We know that heat can flow and that some substances protect against this process, while others - on the contrary - are good at it. Now look for answers to the question: How is heat transferred?

Heat flows from a warmer object to a colder one until their temperatures are even. Of course, the speed of this process depends on what materials these objects are made of. The better the heat conductors, the faster the temperatures will even out. It is easy to check by pouring warm water into Styrofoam and metal cups. As you already know, the water in the metal cup will cool down quickly, and in the Styrofoam will cool down slowly, because the polystyrene is a thermal insulator.

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Heat transfer
Source: Dariusz Adryan, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

How to save heat?

In Poland, we have to heat homes in winter. To reduce heat losses in buildings, materials that are poor heat conductors, eg mineral wool, Styrofoam, are used to insulate them. Insulated walls in the winter retain heat inside the building. In the summer, on hot days, the same materials ensures the heat from the outside does not get inside and the house is cooler. Similarly with clothes. In winter, we wear „layers”, that is, we put on many layers of clothing, between which there is air acting as an insulator. In the summer, we wear light, airy clothes that easily let heat through.

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Insulation of the walls in a house
Source: Daniel Lobo, www.flickr.com, licencja: CC BY 2.0.
The use of heat conductors and insulators
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Exercise 1
Put in the correct order substances from which the pots should be made to cook the food as soon as possible. Elementy do uszeregowania: 1. steel, 2. brass, 3. copper
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Exercise 2
During the lesson, the teacher made an experiment. The teacher put one end of a metal, glass and wooden rod into boiling water, the other end in his hand. Which of the bars quickly burned the teacher's hand. Możliwe odpowiedzi: wooden rod, metal rod, glass rod.
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Exercise 3
Of these items, select those that are made of materials with good thermal conductivity. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. aluminum pot, 2. nail, 3. Styrofoam cup, 4. eraser, 5. copper wire, 6. glass, 7. wooden spoon, 8. metal frying pan, 9. plastic block, 10. silver spoon, 11. computer keyboard
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Exercise 4
Decide which sentences describing thermal conductivity are true, and which are false. Metals are good conductors of heat. Możliwe odpowiedzi: True, False. Heat flow takes place until the objects temperatures become equal. Możliwe odpowiedzi: True, False. Heat only flows from a body with a higher temperature to a body with a lower temperature. Możliwe odpowiedzi: True, False. Heat insulators do not change the temperature. Możliwe odpowiedzi: True, False. The heat conductor perfectly conducts heat, but does not change the temperature itself.. Możliwe odpowiedzi: True, False

Summary

  • Heat is transferred between materials (objects) that have different temperatures.

  • The heat is transferred between the objects until their temperatures become even.

  • Some substances conduct heat very well, we call them heat conductors (eg copper). Others conduct heat very poorly – they are heat insulators (eg polystyrene).

Keywords

conductor, insulator, thermal conductivity

Glossary

thermal conductivity
thermal conductivity
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

przewodnictwo cieplne – zdolność substancji do przewodzenia ciepła

heat conductor
heat conductor
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

przewodnik ciepła – substancja, która dobrze przewodzi ciepło

insulator
insulator
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

izolator – substancja, która nie przewodzi ciepła, np. styropian, drewno