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Hydracids

Source: Dejan Jovic DJ, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • how hydroxides are obtained, what are their structure, properties and application;

  • what are the indicators and what colours these turn into in water and bases.

You will learn
  • to define the concept of acid;

  • to design experiments allowing to obtain hydracids by various methods;

  • to describe the structure of hydracids;

  • to determine the colour that the indicators turn into in acids;

  • to examine and describe the properties and application of selected hydracids.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

pH indicators in acidic solutions

Under the influence of some chemical compounds, the pH indicators change colour in a way that is easy to observe. The indicator is, for example, the tea brew. After adding hydrochloric acid solution to it, its colour changes to yellowish. Let's check if similar properties are shown by red cabbage brew, phenolphthalein and methyl orange.

pH indicators
Experiment 1
Research problem

Will the indicators change colour after being introduced into distilled water and acid?

Hypothesis

All indicators will change colour in both distilled water and acid.

You will need
  • six beakers,

  • red cabbage brew,

  • phenolphthalein,

  • methyl orange,

  • water,

  • hydrochloric acid solution,

  • universal indicator stip.

Instruction
  1. Pour water into first three beakers and hydrochloric acid solution into remaining three beakers.

  2. Add a few drops of red cabbage brew to the first two beakers (the first one with water and the second one with acid), and add phenolphthalein and methyl orange respectively to the remaining beakers.

  3. Pour a few drops of water on one universal strip and hydrochloric acid solution on the other.

  4. Observe the changes.

Summary
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Ułóż trzy pytania quizowe odnoszące się do abstraktu i daj je do rozwiązania swoim kolegom i koleżankom.

Indicator

Colour of the indicator

in distilled water

in acid

red cabbage brew

violet‑blueish

red

universal indicator strip

yellow

red

phenolphthalein

colourless

colourless

methyl orange

yellow‑orangish

red

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Ilustracja przedstawia kolory wskaźników w roztworze wody i kwasu. 1. Napar z czerwonej kapusty (woda, kwas) Fioletowy kolor cieczy po lewej wskazuje na środowisko neutralne, tj. Czystą wodę. Czerwony kolor naparu po prawej stronie wskazuje na obecność kwasu, Red cabbage brew (water, acid) Violet liquid colour on the left indicates neutral environment, i.e. pure water. The red colour of the brew on the right indicates the presence of acid., 2. Fenoloftaleina (woda, kwas) Dwie probówki w połowie wypełnione roztworem fenoloftaleiny. Ciecz w probówce po lewej stronie zawierająca tylko wskaźnik i wodę oraz ciecz w probówce po prawej stronie, do której dodano kwas, jest również przezroczysta, Phenolphthalein (water, acid) Two test tubes half-filled with phenolphthalein solution. The liquid in the test tube on the left side containing only the indicator and water and the liquid in the test tube on the right to which the acid has been added is also transparent.,3. papier lakmusowy (woda, kwas). lewa, potraktowana czystą wodą, zachowała swój pierwotny żółty kolor, podczas gdy papier po prawej stronie, potraktowany kwasem, zmienił kolor na czerwony w miejscu kontaktu z kwasem. . litmus paper (water, acid) The paper on the left, treated with pure water, retained its original yellow colour, while the paper on the right, treated with acid, changed colour to red at the point of contact with the acid., 4. Metylowa pomarańcza Pomarańczowy kolor cieczy na lewa wskazuje na środowisko neutralne, tj. czystą wodę. Intensywny czerwony kolor z prawej strony wskazuje na obecność kwasu, Methyl orange The orange colour of the liquid on the left indicates the neutral environment, i.e. pure water. The intense red colour on the right indicates the presence of acid.
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Film przedstawia badanie właściwości hydrochloric acid. Do badania zostały wzięte: kwas chlorowodorowy, oranż metylowy, odwar z czerwonej kapusty oraz fenoloftaleina. Substancje te zostały połączone w jednej probówce z wodą, w drugiej z kwasem chlorowodorowym. Za pomocą papieru wskaźnikowego oraz mieszadła odczytany został wynik badania.

Obtaining hydracids

Hydrochloric fountain – teacher demonstration
Experiment 2
Research problem

Does hydrogen chloride dissolve in water?

Hypothesis

Hydrogen chloride dissolve in water.

You will need
  • hydrogen chloride obtained previously – e.g. in the reaction of sodium chloride with sulphuric acid

  • cork with draining tube,

  • round bottom flask,

  • cork with a thin glass tube embedded in it.

Instruction
  1. Cork the flask with the previously collected hydrogen chloride with cork with a thin glass tube with a rubber hose with a squeezer at the ending. Put the tube outlet in the crystallizer with an aqueous solution of methyl orange and release the squeezer.

  2. Observe the changes.

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Hydrochloric fountain
Source: Tomorrow Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Summary
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Własnymi słowami zdefiniuj wybrane terminy ze słownika.

Hydracids are obtained, inter alia, by dissolving in water the chemical compound formed during the reaction of hydrogen with some non‑metals, e.g.

HIndeks dolny 2 + ClIndeks dolny 2 → 2HClIndeks dolny (g)

HCl(g)H2OHCl(aq)

hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid

where:
g – means that substance is a gas,
aq – means that substance is an aqueous solution.

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Model of the hydrogen chloride molecule
Source: Dariusz Adryan, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Hydrogen sulphidehydrogen sulphideHydrogen sulphide can be obtained by hydrogen and sulphur synthesis as following:

HIndeks dolny 2 + S → HIndeks dolny 2SIndeks dolny (g)

H2S(g)H2OH2S(aq)

hydrogen sulphide hydrosulphuric acid

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Model of hydrogen sulphide molecule
Source: Dariusz Adryan, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Hydracids form also other chemical elements of the 17th group of the periodic table: fluorine, bromine and iodine. In the name of hydracids you add ending ic instead of ine (exception: sulphur) to the name of the non‑metal and add prefix hydro in front of it.
HBrhydrobromic acid
HClhydrochloric acid
HIhydroiodic acid

General formula of acid is:

HnR

where:
n – number of atoms in the acid molecule,
R – acid residue (for hydracid these are non‑metal atoms).

Acids are chemical compounds whose molecules are made of hydrogen atoms and an acid residue. In molecules of hydracids, hydrogen atoms bond directly to the non‑metal atom.

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Properties of hydracids

Hydrogen chloridehydrogen chlorideHydrogen chloride it is a colourless gas with a sharp, choking smell. It dissolves very well in water. The aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is called hydrochloric acidhydrochloric (muriatic) acidhydrochloric acid or muriatic acid.

Testing the properties of muriatic acid – teacher demonstration
Experiment 3
Research problem

What are the characteristic properties of concentrated muriatic acid?

Hypothesis

Concentrated muriatic acid it has an unpleasant smell and it causes charring of paper and fabric.

You will need
  • concentrated muriatic acid,

  • beaker,

  • two Petri dishes,

  • paper (tissue paper),

  • pieces of fabrics,

  • pipette or dropping funnel.

Instruction
  1. Carefully open the bottle with concentrated hydrochloric acid and pour a small amount of it into the beaker. Observe the changes.

  2. Place paper and pieces of fabric on Petri dishes.

  3. Using a pipette, apply a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid on the tested materials.

  4. Leave it for a few minutes. Observe the changes.

Summary
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Wybierz dowolne angielskie słówko ze słowniczka i zapytaj kolegę o jego znaczenie.

Application of selected hydracids

Hydrogen chloride is used as a chemical reagent in the process of metalworking, for the production of plastics, sugar, artificial honey, spices, homogenized cheese and curd. Hydrogen sulphide is used as a chemical reagent to detect ions of some metals.

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Exercise 1
Select correct sentence. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Muriatic acid is used in the production of dyes, 2. Muriatic acid smells like rotten eggs, 3. Muriatic acid is obtained in the reaction of Chlorineoxide with water, 4. Phenolphthalein in acid turns raspberry-pinkish
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Create a multiple-choice test based on today's lesson. Then exchange your questions with a friend or classmate.

Summary

  • There are no oxygen atoms in molecules of hydracids, and hydrogen atoms are bonded directly with the atoms of non‑metal.

  • These are formed as a result of dissolution in the water of the product of hydrogen synthesis with non‑metal.

  • Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulphide are poisonous gases. Their aqueous solutions are acidic.

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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij). 6. Today I found out (uzupełnij). 7. I was interested in (uzupełnij). 8. I still have to repeat (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Homework
Task 1.1

Search for the information about the type of hazard and instructions for first aid in the safety data sheet.

Keywords

Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen fluoride, Hydrogen sulphide, hydrochloric (muriatic) acid

Glossary

Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen chloride
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

chlorowodór – bezbarwny, dymiący gaz o silnie duszącej woni; cięższy od powietrza, niepalny; bardzo dobrze rozpuszcza się w wodzie, tworząc kwas solny

hydrogen fluoride
hydrogen fluoride
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

fluorowodór – bezbarwna ciecz (tw 19,5°C) lub trujący gaz o silnie drażniącej woni; wywołuje stan zapalny błon śluzowych

hydrogen sulphide
hydrogen sulphide
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

siarkowodór – bezbarwny, silnie trujący gaz o ostrym, duszącym zapachu zgniłych (nieświeżych i długo gotowanych) jaj; jego wodny roztwór to kwas siarkowodorowy

hydrochloric (muriatic) acid
hydrochloric (muriatic) acid
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

kwas chlorowodorowy (solny) – wodny roztwór chlorowodoru