In the orchard and in the field
what a meadow is;
what a field is, and how it differs from a meadow.
to evaluate the living conditions of plants and animals in fields and in orchards;
to give examples of plants which are grown by man;
to differentiate between the grains grown in Poland;
to identify the importance of fields and orchards for animals living in the wild.
What are fields and orchards?
FieldsFields and orchardsorchards are artificially created environments. A field is an area which is designated for the cultivation of plants. Certain plants are grown to be used as food for people, or as fodder for farm animals. Some of the plants cultivated in fields will be turned into food products, clothes and even fuel for cars in industrial plants.
In any given field, only one type of plant is cultivated at a given time.
In winter, work is not carried out in the fields, but certain plants, for example, winter cereals, can be sown in autumn, since they require a period of low temperatures to enter their entire development cycle. In winter, for example, rapeseed and certain cereals are sown. In winter, the remains of unharvested plants remain in the fields, and are eaten by various animals.
An orchard is a place where fruit trees and bushes are cultivated. They grow in the same place for a dozen, and sometimes even several dozen years. The fruit is collected by hand, or with the help of specialised machines. The orchard is also a place where many animals live. Besies pollinators, another large group is insects which are „pests”, for example, the codling moth and the predators which feed on it, such as the ladybird, the carabus and the lacewing. Birds e.g.tits and starlings feed on the numerous insects, as do mammals e.g. moles, shrews and hedgehogs. Snails are eaten by frogs and toads. These animals are allies of the orchard.
Plants cultivated in fields and orchards
Cereals are cultivated in the majority of fields in Poland. These are: wheat, rye, triticale, barley, oats, millet, and corn. Flours (ground grains), groats (hulled grains) and flakes (crushed grains) are produced from the grains. Cereals are also used as fodder for animals.
Oilseeds are also cultivated in fields, for example, rapeseed. Vegetables are grown on a large scale, such as potatoes, cabbages, carrots, onions, beetroots, tomatoes and many others. Certain plants have uses in industries other than the food industry, for example, rapeseed is used in the prodution of fuel, and linseed – in the production of fibres. The most popular among fruit trees are apple trees, cherry trees, plum trees and pear trees. Fruit bushes provide currants (black and red), raspberries, gooseberries and chokeberries. Many other plants are also grown, such as hops, sunflowers and herbs (for example, camomile or mint).
Certain cultivated plants have many different uses. Among them are potatoes, whose tubers can be eaten by people after being boiled, baked or fried. They can be fodder for animals, or a raw material in the production of potato flour. They can also be used in the production of alcohol, which is used in industry or added to petrol.
Match the names of the plants cultivated with the products made from them.
oil, jam, flour, sugar
| sugar beet | |
| wheat | |
| plum tree | |
| rapeseed |
Identify the cereals from which the flour we use to make bread is produced.
- rye
- wheat
- triticale
- potato
- sunflower
- rapeseed
Summary
A field is a place where plants are cultivated.
An orchard is a place where fruit trees and bushes are cultivated.
Many species of animals live in fields and orchards, since there they have a guaranteed abundance of food.
Fields and orchards are artificial ecosystems, maintained by man.
Keywords
cultivation, field, orchard
Glossary
pole – miejsce uprawy roślin.
sad – miejsce uprawy drzew i krzewów owocowych.