We observe various signs on a daily basis. They inform us about things, convey a certain meaning. Usually, they are created by a person aiming to communicate something to us. However, we often assign a certain meaning to something by ourselves, creating our own interpretation. Signs are therefore a form to which we assign a certain meaning. We perceive them through different senses, mostly through sight and hearing, but taste, touch and smell can have their role too. It is worth to know the nature of signs and their role in interpersonal communication.
Exercise 1
Think about the elements of historic or everyday clothing to which we can assign some meaning. Discuss your interpretations.
Think about the elements of historic or everyday clothing to which we can assign some meaning. Discuss your interpretations.
Look at the pictures and indicate the elements of clothing to which we can assign some meaning. Discuss your interpretations.
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Grafika kolorowa przedstawia portret kardynała. Jest to starszy mężczyzna przedstawiony od połowy łydek. Siedzi on najprawdopodobniej na fotelu, wzrok ma skierowany na wprost. Na głowie ma czerwoną piuskę nałożoną na siwe włosy. Jego szata jest czerwona z elementami koronkowymi przy manierach oraz w pasie. Na kolanach trzyma czerwony biret. Szata ma czerwone guziki z góry na dół. Na szyi kardynała wisi długi gruby złoty łańcuch z krzyżem. The colored graphics show the portrait of the cardinal. This is an older man depicted from the middle of the calves. He is sitting most likely on an armchair, his eyes are directed straight ahead. On the head has a red cap imposed on gray hair. His robe is red with lace elements at the manners and waist. He has a red cap on his lap. The robe has red buttons from top to bottom. The cardinal hangs a long, thick gold chain with a cross.
Source: domena publiczna.
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Zdjęcie przedstawia młodą kobietę siedzącą przed chałupą na tle płotu w ludowym stroju ukraińskim. Kobieta na na głowie bogaty, wysoki wianek z różnokolorowych kwiatów. Na szyi ma zawieszone złote łańcuszki. Jest ubrana w granatowy fartuch spod którego wystają bogato haftowane rękawy białej bluzki oraz czerwona spódnica i biała halka. Kobieta ma na sobie czarne buty i trzyma w prawej dłoni chustkę. The picture shows a young woman sitting in front of a hut in the background of a fence in a folk Ukrainian costume. A woman wearing a rich, tall wreath of multicolored flowers. There are gold chains hung on the neck. She is dressed in a navy apron from underneath which are richly embroidered sleeves of a white blouse and a red skirt and a white petticoat. The woman is wearing black shoes and has a handkerchief in her right hand.
Source: domena publiczna.
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Zdjęcie przedstawia strój rycerza a epoki średniowiecza. Rycerz ma na głowie zabudowany hełm z niewielkimi otworami na oczy w kształcie szparek. Pod elementami stroju widać kolczugę, czyli pancerz. Na nią założone są pozostałe elementy stroju: naramienniki, zarękawia, fartuch z krzyżem oraz pas z przytroczonym mieczem. Rycerz trzyma tarczę z krzyżem opartą o podłoże. The picture shows the costume of the knight and the era of the Middle Ages. The knight has a built-in helmet on his head with small openings in the shape of stomata. Under the elements of the outfit you can see a mail coat or armor. The other elements of the outfit are worn on it: arm-shells, zaręawia, apron with a cross and a belt with a sword strapped. The knight is holding a shield with a cross resting on the ground.
Source: domena publiczna.
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Zdjęcie przedstawia najprawdopodobniej amerykańskiego żołnierza na misji na Bliskim Wschodzie. Jest on ubrany w strój maskujący, na głowie ma hełm pokryty maskującym materiałem, na sobie ma kamizelkę ochronną z wyposażeniem, w prawej ręce trzyma karabin maszynowy. Żołnierz ma na sobie ciężkie, wojskowe buty. The photo most probably depicts an American soldier on a mission in the Middle East. He is dressed in a masking outfit, on his head he has a helmet covered with masking material, wearing a protective vest with equipment, in his right hand he holds a machine gun. The soldier is wearing heavy military boots.
Source: domena publiczna.
Indicators, icons, symbols
Signs are objects which direct our thoughts to other objects or phenomena. For example, a stream of letters „bicycle” makes us think about 'a two‑wheel human‑powered vehicle' while a road sign prohibiting the cross without stopping refers to a thought about the danger that makes people stop.
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Grafika przedstawia koncepcję znaku. U góry pozioma belka z napisem "sign", pod spodem biała belka z napisami: "signified (the mental concept): bicycle", pod spodem grafika przedstawiająca rower oraz napis: "signifier (the physical existence). The graphic shows the concept of the sign. At the top a horizontal beam with the word "sign", underneath a white beam with the inscriptions "signified (the mental concept): bicycle", underneath the graphic depicting the bicycle and the inscription: "signifier (the physical existence).
Source: Gromar.eu, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Signs consist of two elements: a signifying (medium of meaning) and a signified (meaning).
Signs can refer to other objects or phenomena in three ways. For that reason, we divide them into: indicators (indexes), icons and symbols.
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Exercise 2
Do you know what is the difference between indicators, iconic signs and symbols? Match in pairs. Signs-indicators, Iconic signs, Symbols Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. They refer to a thing they look alike in shape or in internal composition or structure. They are only conventional, not natural., 2. They refer to a different thing directly and naturally. They are often quite similar (in terms of space and time) or in a cause-and-effect relation., 3. They are the most conventional – the agreement between people is arbitrary here.
Do you know what is the difference between indicators, iconic signs and symbols? Match in pairs. Signs-indicators, Iconic signs, Symbols Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. They refer to a thing they look alike in shape or in internal composition or structure. They are only conventional, not natural., 2. They refer to a different thing directly and naturally. They are often quite similar (in terms of space and time) or in a cause-and-effect relation., 3. They are the most conventional – the agreement between people is arbitrary here.
Do you know what is the difference between indicators, iconic signs and symbols? Match in pairs.
They refer to a different thing directly and naturally. They are often quite similar (in terms of space and time) or in a cause-and-effect relation., They are the most conventional – the agreement between people is arbitrary here., They refer to a thing they look alike in shape or in internal composition or structure. They are only conventional, not natural.
Signs-indicators
Iconic signs
Symbols
Interestingly, the functions of indicator, icon and symbol can co‑exist in one sign.
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Zdjęcie przedstawia znak drogowy stojący przy drodze w lesie. Jest to żółty trójkąt z czerwoną obwódką i czarną strzałką skierowaną w lewo. Droga zakręca w lewą stronę. Znak ostrzega: uwaga, zakręt w lewo.
A road sign: attention, dangerous bend to left
Source: Grzegorz W. Tężycki, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0, [online], dostępny w internecie: Wikimedia Commons.
it is an indicator of a left turn because behind it the road actually turns left,
it is also a symbol of warning because people agreed to war fast‑drivers by a triangular shape on a yellow background (and not differently),
it is an icon because of being a very schematic picture of a bending road.
It's the same case with knocking on the door:
it indicates there is a person standing behind the door,
it is a symbolic sign meaning could you open the door?,
it is an arbitral conventional sign because we could scratch the door (like dogs and cats do) or rub it as well.
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Wymyśl pytanie na kartkówkę związane z tematem abstraktu.
Wymyśl pytanie na kartkówkę związane z tematem abstraktu.
Can you recognise indicators, icons and symbols?
{image#Zdjęcie drewnianego domku, zimą, w lesie. Z komina leci dym}
indicator: smoke from the chimney indicates fire
{image#Zdjęcie przedstawia palącą się łąkę}
burnt grass indicates fire
{image#Zdjęcie mężczyzny}
iconic sign: a photo of a man is an icon (a picture) of the photoghaped person
{image#Rysunek kobiety i mężczyzny, jaki możemy znaleźć na drzwiach toalety}
iconic sign: a drawing of a man/woman on the bathroom door is an icon (a picture) of a typical man/woman
{image#słowo: dom}
symbol: the word house is a symbol (a conventional sign) of a real building
{image#Znak drogowy w formie żółtego trójkąta}
symbol: a triangular shape is a symbol of warning road signs
Exercise 3
Think about some everyday situations which can have different functions, e.g. indicator, symbol or icon. Describe one of them.
Think about some everyday situations which can have different functions, e.g. indicator, symbol or icon. Describe one of them.
Which of the behaviours presented below has different functions, e.g. indicator, symbol or icon? Justify your answer.
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Fotografia kolorowa przedstawia kobietę i mężczyznę siedzących na ławce. Kobieta ma długie brązowe włosy i jest ubrana w zielony sweter. Mężczyzna ubrany w brązowy płaszcz i kolorowy szalik całuje ją w policzek w tym samym momencie one się uśmiecha. Color photography depicts a woman and a man sitting on a bench. The woman has long brown hair and is wearing a green sweater. A man wearing a brown coat and a colorful scarf kisses her on the cheek at the same moment they are smiling.
Source: licencja: CC 0.
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Fotografia kolorowa przedstawia pomieszczenie i kobietę w średnim wieku ubraną w ciemne spodnie i jasny sweter ubierającą choinkę. Choinka jest już prawie ubrana ma zapalone lampki. Po prawej stronie nad kominkiem wiszą skarpety na prezenty w różnych rozmiarach i kolorach. Color photo shows a room and a middle-aged woman in dark pants and a bright sweater dressing a Christmas tree. The Christmas tree is almost dressed and has lights on. On the right side of the fireplace hang socks for gifts in various sizes and colors.
Source: licencja: CC 0.
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Fotografia kolorowa przedstawia spotkanie firmowe przy dużym stole. Widać dwie kobiety pomiędzy nimi siedzi mężczyzna w okularach, który podnosi rękę w której trzyma ołówek jakby zgłaszając się do odpowiedzi. A color photograph depicts a company meeting at a large table. You can see two women between them sitting a man with glasses, who raises his hand in which he is holding a pencil as if he is asking for an answer.
Source: licencja: CC 0.
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Fotografia kolorowa przedstawia odpływający statek wycieczkowy. Na brzegu stoi para dzieci, chłopiec i dziewczynka trzymające się za ręce. Chłopiec macha na pożegnanie w stronę statku. A colorful photograph depicts an outgoing cruise ship. On the shore there is a pair of children, a boy and a girl holding hands. The boy waving goodbye towards the ship.
Source: licencja: CC 0.
Exercise 4
In 1972, scientists from NASA decided to send up into space a gold‑plated plaque containing the information about people and their planet. How do you think, what can be included on such plaque?
In 1972, scientists from NASA decided to send up into space a gold‑plated plaque containing the information about people and their planet. How do you think, what can be included on such plaque?
In 1972, scientists from NASA decided to send up into space a gold‑plated plaque containing the information about people and their planet. Look at the picture from the plaque and do the following tasks.
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Rysunek przedstawia kobietę i mężczyznę nago stojących obok siebie na różowym tle. Mężczyzna podnosi prawą rękę jakby chciał się przywitać. Wokół nich są narysowane kontury różnych figur geometrycznych. The figure shows a woman and a man naked standing side by side on a pink background. The man raises his right hand as if to say hello. Around them are drawn contours of various geometric figures.
Pioneer plaque
Source: domena publiczna.
The NASA plaque is an iconic sign.
Explain the meaning of its components:
nudity of man and woman,
man's lifted arm,
woman's lowered arms,
woman's inclined leg.
Find information about the picture in the Internet and answer the questions:
What did the authors want to communicate?
What objections did the critics of the plaque have?
Exercise 5
If we were to send such an information in the form of an encyclopedic note, what would it say? Try to „translate” the NASA picture into English.
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Try to propose your own message that could be send to the space.
Try to propose your own message that could be send to the space.