that the national environment influences the distribution of people on a given area;
that the sociocultural issues also influence the management of resources on a given area;
that the general and thematic maps enable to describe certain elements of the natural environment and allow to indicate the relationship between the natural and social elements.
You will learn
to specify the location of India on the map;
to discuss the most important features of the natural environment of India;
to explain the reasons for the unequal distribution of people in India;
Ilustracja dekoracyjna przedstawiająca mapę hipsometryczną Indii, India hypsometric map. W Indiach przeważają wyżyny, niziny są w dolinach rzek (Indus, Ganges) i na wybrzeżach. Północna część mapy obejmuje tereny wyżynne w Chinach. Na mapie opisano nazwy półwyspów np. Półwysep Kathijawar, wysp np. Sri Lanka, nizin np. Nizina Gangesu, wyżyn i pasm górskich np. Himalaje, mórz np. Morze Arabskie, zatok np. Zatoka Bengalska, rzek np. Ganges i jezior. Oznaczono państwa: Indie ze stolicą Nowe Delhi, Chiny ze stolica w Pekinie, Bangladesz ze stolicą Dhaka, Afganistan ze stolicą Kabul, Pakistan ze stolicą Islamabad, Nepal ze stolicą Katmandu i Bhutan ze stolicą Thimphu.
Topography and main geo-physical regions and subregions of India.
Source: licencja: CC BY 3.0.
In India there are three main geographic areas:
the Karakoram and the Himalayas at the northern border of the country;
the Indo‑Gangetic Plain that includes the Ganga Plain, the Punjab Plain and also the Ganges‑Brahmaputra Delta (the majority of that area belongs of Pakistan);
the Deccan Plateau on the Indian peninsula flanked by not too high mountains – the Eastern and the Western Ghats.
Apart from that, India has also two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep (the Laccadive Islands) on the Arabian Sea and Nicobar Islands on the Bay of Bengal.
Almost all of the Indian territory is under the influence of the tropical wet climate – the monsoon climate. There are two climate factors in that area which decide on the temperature and the rainfall variation over the year: the terrain of the region and the monsoon air circulation.
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Ilustracja dekoracyjna przedstawiająca dwie mapy hipsometryczne Indii, India. Na pierwszej mapie strzałkami zaznaczono kierunek wilgotnego monsunu letniego, humid summer monsoon wiejącego z wyżu nad morzem do niżu nad lądem. Na drugiej mapie strzałkami zaznaczono kierunek suchego monsunu zimowego, dry winter monsoon wiejącego z wyżu nad lądem do niżu nad morzem. Pod mapami schemat przekroju Półwyspu Indyjskiego wyjaśniający zjawisko monsunu. Podczas wilgotnego letniego monsunu wiatr wieje w od Oceanu Indyjskiego w kierunku lądu, dodatkowo pada deszcz. Podczas suchego zimowego monsunu, wiatr wieje od lądu w kierunku oceanu.
The summer monsoon brings humid air and the rainfall from the Indian Ocean, and the winter monsoon brings dry air from the continental Asia.
Source: licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Task 1
Take a look at the picture below and read the information about the geographical features of India.
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Grafika przedstawia informacje dotyczące ukształtowanie terenu w Indiach. Na grafice umieszczone są opisy. 1. The Ganga Plain A plain in the southern Asia, located to the north-east of the Indian Peninsula, on the territory of India and Nepal, between the Deccan Plateau and the Himalayas. It forms the central part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, situated alongside the parallels., 2. The Deccan Plateau A fairly big plateau in the central and southern part of the Indian Peninsula, lying within the borders of India., 3. The Western Ghats A green mountain range running parallel to the Indian border, in the south-west of India, that covers the area of 160,000 km². Since 2012, the mountains have been included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites., 4. The Karakoram A large mountain range spanning the borders of Pakistan, India and China, the second highest on Earth after the Himalayas. It emerged in the Alpine orogeny. This mountain range is one of the most glaciated areas on the planet.
Grafika przedstawia informacje dotyczące ukształtowanie terenu w Indiach. Na grafice umieszczone są opisy. 1. The Ganga Plain A plain in the southern Asia, located to the north-east of the Indian Peninsula, on the territory of India and Nepal, between the Deccan Plateau and the Himalayas. It forms the central part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, situated alongside the parallels., 2. The Deccan Plateau A fairly big plateau in the central and southern part of the Indian Peninsula, lying within the borders of India., 3. The Western Ghats A green mountain range running parallel to the Indian border, in the south-west of India, that covers the area of 160,000 km². Since 2012, the mountains have been included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites., 4. The Karakoram A large mountain range spanning the borders of Pakistan, India and China, the second highest on Earth after the Himalayas. It emerged in the Alpine orogeny. This mountain range is one of the most glaciated areas on the planet.
Source: licencja: CC 0.
The people of India
India is the country that currently has the highest absolute population growth. There has been over 100‑million‑people growth every decade since 1960. In the past five years (2010–2015) already 105 million people have been born.
This major population growth is due to the improvement of the quality of life in India since the mid‑20th century. The most important factors were:
the increase in the accessibility of the medical services;
better potable water supply;
the increase in the food production since the GreenRevolution.
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Grafika przedstawia schemat struktury wieku ludności Indii w dwa tysiące dziesiątym roku, Age composition of the Indian population in 2010. Społeczeństwo młode, 40,1% ludności do dziewiętnastu lat, 32,1% ludności w wieku 20–39 lat, 22,1% ludności 40–64 lata, ludność powyżej 65 lat – 5,6%. Na grafice wiek jest przedstawiony w postaci podziałki pionowej usytuowanej po lewej stronie schematu. Od góry podpis: Age (in years), 65 and more, 40-64, 20-39, 0-19. Populacja przedstawiona jest w postaci piramidy z widocznymi poziomami. Od góry: 5,6%, 22,1%, 32,2%, 40,1%.
Age composition of the Indian population in 2010
Source: Dariusz Adryan, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Those were the reasons for the rise of the life expectancy and the decrease in the infant mortality. A big population growth that happened is called the population explosionpopulation explosionpopulation explosion. In India the most numerous is the rural population. In 2005 a 67,3% of the society lived in the rural area. India is populated in a very unbalanced way. The highest average population density is in the agriculture lands. In the northern plain the population density comes to 400 people/kmIndeks górny 22 and in the Ganges Delta it is over 700 people/kmIndeks górny 22. There is also a high population density on the south‑western coast of the Indian peninsula and in the south of the country. On the Deccan Plateau, which is on the inside of the peninsula, the population density is lower and it amounts to 50--200 people/kmIndeks górny 22. The mountain areas and the Thar Desert are sparsely populated. This big natural population growth makes the population of India young – we can see that from the shape of the population pyramid of the country. The most numerous group is the youth and the older the people, the bigger decease in number there is.
The Indian economy
India is the country that is economically diverse and emerging. Half of the workers, a very high number, is still employed in the agricultural sector. In Poland, to compare, farmers make only 12% of the workers and in the highly developed countries they amount to only some percent. However, in India the service sector and the industry are developing quickly. The employment in those sectors gradually increases and their share of GDP is constantly growing. It means that India is developing and modern, because the big part of the GDP is generated by a still relatively small group of the population.
The agriculture is a vital sector of the economy for the Indian population of 1 billion people that simply needs to be fed. The 2/3 of the inhabitants lives in the rural areas of the country and most of them produce food. More than a half of the Indian territory is taken by the agricultural area, the vast majority of which is the arable land. The most space on the sown area take grains, that is: rice, wheat, millet, sorghum and corn. Those crops are the base of the alimentation in India, and they are being cultivated according to the natural environment factors.
The photo gallery below shows different looks of India.
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Fotografia przedstawia sześć sztuk bydła pasących się na łące.
Source: licencja: CC 0, [online], dostępny w internecie: pixabay.com.
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Fotografia barwna przedstawiająca zatłoczoną ulicę w indyjskim mieście. Widoczna jest wąska ulica, biegnąca wzdłuż gęstej zabudowy. Na poboczach widoczne zaparkowane skutery i nieliczne stragany z owocami. Na chodniku śmieci i nieczystości. Nad głowami przechodniów ciągnie się plątanina kabli.
Source: licencja: CC 0, [online], dostępny w internecie: pixabay.com.
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Fotografia barwna przedstawiająca rzekę w dużym mieście. Na pierwszym planie widoczne barki i promy płynące po rzece. Na drugim planie wysokie budynki.
Source: licencja: CC 0, [online], dostępny w internecie: pixabay.com.
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Fotografia barwna przedstawiająca ulicę w indyjskim mieście. Na pierwszym planie widoczny starszy, bosy mężczyzna ciągnący wózek z licznymi pakunkami. Obok jedzie skuter.
Source: licencja: CC 0, [online], dostępny w internecie: pixabay.com.
Task 2
Do the exercises below based on the information learned in class
Exercise 1
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Z jakim krajami graniczą Indie?
Z jakim krajami graniczą Indie?
Draw the Indian borders.
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Exercise 2
Which of the following countries doesn't share a border with India? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Pakistan, 2. China, 3. Bangladesh, 4. Kyrgyzstan
Which of the following countries doesn't share a border with India? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Pakistan, 2. China, 3. Bangladesh, 4. Kyrgyzstan
Which of the following countries doesn't share a border with India?
Pakistan
China
Bangladesh
Kyrgyzstan
Task 3
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Ilustracja dekoracyjna przedstawiająca kobiety w kolorowych, indyjskich strojach ludowych stojące na herbacianym polu.
What is the name of the social stratification system in India?
What is the name of the social stratification system in India?
The photo above shows various Indians from the upper class. What is the name of the social stratification system in India?
eksplozja demograficzna – określenie szybkiego tempa przyrostu rzeczywistego liczby ludności w danym regionie. Przyjmuje się, że eksplozji demograficznej możemy mówić, gdy przyrost rzeczywisty przekracza 3%, oznacza to podwojenie liczby ludności w ciągu 24 lat, czyli w ciągu jednej generacji.
