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Ionic bonds - formation and types

Halite commonly known as rock salt, is a type of salt which forms crystals because of its regular ion structure.
Source: Ingo Wölbern, Salt crystal from the saline of Pedra Lume, Cape Verde, domena publiczna.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • what chemical compounds are;

  • how to write the electron configuration of some elements;

  • that atoms may join into molecules.

You will learn
  • explain terms of ion, cation and anion;

  • explain the mechanism of ion formation based on the examples: Na, Mg, Al, Cl, S;

  • write electron configuration of based on the examples: Na, Mg, Al, Cl, S;

  • explain the role of valence electrons in the formation of ions.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu 

Ions formation

Most of the chemical elements do not occur in nature in the free state, but form chemical compounds with other elements. Only few simple substances exist in the form of individual atoms. These include noble gases, i.e. chemical elements belonging to the 18th group of the periodic table (helium). Their relatively stable electron configuration is a model for other elements. During the formation of typical chemical bonds atoms of the elements strive to obtain an electron configuration of the closest noble gas in the periodic system. This is done in a variety of ways. Elemental atoms can share electrons. They can also give them to other atoms of the elements or take them from atoms. As a result of these processes, ionsion (straight ion)ions arise from atoms.

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The diagram of an ion formation from an atom
Source: Krzysztof Jaworski, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Ion type

Ions with a positive charge are called cationscationcations, while those with a negative charge – anionsanionanions. The sodium ion, which was created by electron donation of sodium atom, is a cation. In turn, the chlorine atom, which accepted the electron, becomes an anion.

Atoms of metals (especially those belonging to the 1st and 2nd group of the periodic table) form cations. The atoms of some nonmetals may form anions as a result of electrons acceptation.

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Types of ions
Source: Dariusz Adryan, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

How is sodium ion formed?

As a result of the electron transfer from the sodium atom, an ion is formed. As you remember, in every atom the positive charge of the nucleus is equal to the negative charge of the electron cloud (the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons) and the atom is electrically neutral. Note that in the sodium ion the number of protons and electrons are not identical: there are 11 protons in the atomic nucleus and 10 electrons in the space around the nucleus. Thus, 1 proton is not „balanced” by the electron. Therefore, the whole ion has a charge of a proton (equal to the elementary positive charge). The sodium ion is said to be positive. This ion is described by the „+” sign next to the symbol of the chemical element: Na+.

The diagram below shows the changes in the electron configuration of the sodium atom during the formation of the ion.

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Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

The mechanism of formation of a positive sodium ion can be written using the Lewis structures or only the symbol of the chemical element:

Na· electron donation Na+

Na  Na+e-

The process of sodium ion formation can also be presented using the electron configurations of the atom and its ion:

Na [2, 8, 1]  electron donation Na+[2, 8]

The sodium atom has 11 electrons. One of them is placed on the last shell. After its release, the sodium atom has 10 electrons and an electron configuration of the noble gas closest it in the periodic table – neon. Thanks to this, he gains a permanent configuration.

How is chlorine ion formed?

As a result of the electron being accepted by the chlorine atom, an ion is formed. Due to the presence of an additional electron, this ion is charged with a negative charge (equal to the elementary negative charge). This ion is described by the “–” sign next to the symbol of the chemical element: Cl-

The process of this ion formation can be described by the equations:

Cl  electron accepting  Cl-

Cl + e- → Cl-

Cl [2, 8, 7]  electron accepting  Cl-[2, 8, 8]

The diagram below shows the changes in the electron configuration of the chlorine atom during the formation of the ion.

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Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

As you remember, the chlorine atom in the molecules Cl2 or HCl, to achieve an stable electron configuration, shares a single electron with a different atom. However, in the presence of a sodium atom, it behaves differently - it receives an electron from it to its outer shell. The number of its electrons is then increased by 1 and the atom gains the electron configuration proper to argon, which in the periodic table is located just after the chlorine.

What charge values can ions have?

Atoms can donate and accept more than 1 electron.

Magnesium ion

In the magnesium atom (Z=12) there are 12 protons and the same number of electrons. When interacting with other atoms, the atom Mg can „get rid of” 2 electrons forming its external electron shell. In the formed ion the number of electrons decreases and there is an excess of positive charges (12 p) in relation to the negative ones (10e-). Therefore, the magnesium ion is a cation and its charge is equal to two elementary positive charges. Such cations are said to be dications and are recorded as follows:Mg2+.

The process of magnesium ions formation can be described by the equation:

Mg → Mg2++ 2e-

Changes in the electron configurations of the atom and magnesium cation are as follows:

Mg [2, 8, 2]  donation of 2 electrons  Mg2+[2, 8]

Note that the magnesium cation has been recognized as a permanent neon electron configuration (Z = 10).

Sulfide ion

The sulfur atom forms a dianion.

Aluminum ion

The aluminum atom forms aluminum ions of the formula Al3+. The number ‘3+’ means that the formed ion is a cation that was formed after the aluminum atom donated 3 electrons. The formation of aluminum ion can be described by the following equation:

Al → Al3++ 3e-

After taking into account the electron configuration, it has the form:

Al [2, 8, 3]  donation of 3 electrons  Al3+[2, 8]

The electron configuration in the aluminum cation is the same as in the neon atom (Z = 10).

Task 1

Watch the presentation „Ions formation”. Explain the equation of ion formation on the boards.

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Watch the presentation "Ions formation". Explain the equation of ion formation on the boards. Potassium cation (Uzupełnij). Fluorine anion (Uzupełnij). Lithium cation (Uzupełnij). Sulfur anion (Uzupełnij). Oxygen anion (Uzupełnij).
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Exercise 1
Select the statement saying the truth. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Ion is a particle charged positively and negatively, 2. Cation - ion with a negative charge, 3. Chemical bond, which is based on the electrostatic attraction of metal cations and non-metal anions, is ionic bonding, 4. Magnesium ion is formed by accepting 2 electrons from the atom/atoms of a nonmetal, 5. The sulfur atom in the reaction with metals accept 2 electrons from the atom/atoms of metals, 6. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom of a given chemical element to attract electrons that form a chemical bond, 7. Nonmetals have the greatest electronegativity and metals have the least electronegativity

Summary

  • Ions are formed from atoms that have donated or accepted at least 1 electron.

  • Ions having positive charge are cations; arise from atoms after donation at least 1 electron.

  • Negatively charged ions are anions; arise from atoms that have accepted at least 1 electron.

  • Cations are mainly formed from metal atoms, and anions – among others from the atoms of some non‑metals.

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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij). 6. Today I found out (uzupełnij). 7. I was interested in (uzupełnij). 8. I still have to repeat (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Keywords

anion, cation, ion

Glossary

anion
anion
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nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

anion – jon o ładunku ujemnym

ion (straight ion)
ion (straight ion)
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nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

jon (jon prosty) – cząstka obdarzona ładunkiem elektrycznym, która powstała z atomu w wyniku przyjęcia lub oddania 1 lub więcej elektronów

cation
cation
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

kation – jon o ładunku dodatnim

ionic bond (ionic structure)
ionic bond (ionic structure)
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

wiązanie jonowe (struktura jonowa) – rodzaj wiązania chemicznego, które powstaje w wyniku elektrostatycznego przyciągania się jonów o przeciwnych znakach