Topic: Natural sources of hydrocarbons

Target group

Elementary school student (grades 7. and 8.)

Core curriculum
Elementary school. Chemistry.

VIII. Compounds of carbon with hydrogen - hydrocarbons. Pupil:
1) defines the terms: saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) and unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes);
9) lists natural sources of hydrocarbons;
10) lists the names of petroleum distillation products, indicates their uses.

General aim of education

The student discusses natural sources of hydrocarbons

Key competences

• communication in foreign languages;

• digital competence;

• learning to learn.

Criteria for success
The student will learn:

• what hydrocarbons are characterized by;

• what are the natural sources of hydrocarbons;

• what is used for natural gas and crude oil;

• which products are created using natural oil;

• what the risks of methane bring;

• what are the types of fossil coals;

• where in Poland there are deposits of fossil coals.

Methods/techniques

• activating

  • discussion.

• expository

  • talk.

• exposing

  • film.

• programmed

  • with computer;

  • with e‑textbook.

• practical

  • exercices concerned.

Forms of work

• individual activity;

• collective activity.

Teaching aids

• e‑textbook;

• notebook and crayons/felt‑tip pens;

• interactive whiteboard, tablets/computers.

Lesson plan overview

Introduction

1. The teacher hands out Methodology Guide or green, yellow and red sheets of paper to the students to be used during the work based on a traffic light technique. He presents the aims of the lesson in the student's language on a multimedia presentation and discusses the criteria of success (aims of the lesson and success criteria can be send to students via e‑mail or posted on Facebook, so that students will be able to manage their portfolio).

2. The teacher together with the students determines the topic – based on the previously presented lesson aims – and then writes it on the interactive whiteboard/blackboard. Students write the topic in the notebook.

Realization

1. The teacher introduces the students to the issue implemented during the lesson and announces a movie titled „Examination of the composition of organic substances”. He instructs his pupils to write a research question and a hypothesis in the form provided in the abstract. Then he plays the video and the students note their observations and conclusions. The teacher points the person who shares his insights and explains the reasonableness of the conclusions noted. The teacher together with the students sums up the experience.

2. The teacher instructs students to create a definition of the term „organic compound”, and then mentions inorganic carbon compounds - as the simplest organic compounds it gives hydrocarbons and defines them.

3. Students read the fragment titled „Natural hydrocarbon resources”. The teacher initiates the discussion by analyzing the „Global oil and gas resources” chart.

4. The teacher presents the fractional distillation scheme of crude oil, placed in the abstract. He asks students about products of the fractional distillation known to them from everyday life and encourages young people to discuss. Then he summarizes the discussion and refers to the achievements of Ignacy Łukasiewicz and Jan Zeh.

5. Students, working in pairs, analyze the illustration presenting the types of fossil coals and the map of Poland showing the locations of deposits of fossil fuels. The pointed out couples discuss their studies within the class.

6. Students, working individually or in pairs, carry out interactive exercises to check and consolidate knowledge learned during the lesson. Selected people discuss the correct solutions for interactive exercises. The teacher completes or straightens the statements of the proteges.

Summary

1. The students consolidate the acquired information, discussing it with their nearest neighbors („tell your neighbor” method.

2. The teacher asks a willing student to summarize the lesson from his point of view. He asks other students if they would like to add anything to their colleague's statements.

Homework

1. Carry out task number nr 2.1.

The following terms and recordings will be used during this lesson

Terms

Texts and recordings

Natural sources of hydrocarbons

In the 18th century, chemical compounds were divided into mineral compounds, i.e. those obtained from rocks and minerals (today called inorganic compounds), and organic compounds, i.e. produced exclusively by living organisms. It was not until the nineteenth century (in 1828) that the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler obtained the organic substance – urea in the laboratory. Urea is one of the metabolic products of humans and animals. Although the division into inorganic and organic chemistry has a historical background, it is still in use today.

Organic compounds are all chemical compounds that include carbon and atoms of other elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon and sulphur.

Inorganic carbon compounds are, for example, carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts, and others (carbides and cyanides). The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons are chemical compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

The most abundant natural sources of hydrocarbons are primarily petroleum, natural gas as well as coals. These raw materials originated from plant and animal organisms as a result of transformation (under the influence of appropriate temperature and high pressure) lasting many millions of years.

The largest documented reserves of natural gas and crude oil are in Russia (77% of gas and 23% of crude oil in resources) and Iran (60% of gas and 40% of crude oil in resources). Venezuela and Saudi Arabia have the world's largest petroleum deposits with relatively small gas resources.

1,000 mIndeks górny 3³ of gas = 6.6 barrel of crude oil

Crude oil is a liquid mixture of solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons as well as oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur compounds. Its composition depends on the source of origin. Crude oil mined from the deposit is in the form of a dense liquid, usually with a dark brown colour and a sharp odour.

Processing of crude oil involves its distillation. It is a method that uses the difference in the boiling points of its ingredients. As a result of the distillation of the mazut under appropriate conditions, among others, oils, petroleum asphalt, tar, petrolatum, paraffin are obtained.

For almost half a century, Poland was a world power in the production of crude oil, then known as rock oil. In 1854, the Polish pharmacist and chemist Ignacy Łukasiewicz launched the first petroleum mine in the world in Bóbrka. People from America, Russia and the British Empire came to Podkarpacie to learn how to mine crude oil and how to distil it. In the best year of 1906 over 2 million tons of oil were mined from Polish deposits. Later their performance dropped, and richer deposits were discovered in the world.

Natural gas can occur together with crude oil or black coal deposits or alone. It is a mixture of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons as well as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide and noble gases (argon, helium). The content of individual components of natural gas is variable and depends on the place of mining, however its main component is methane, constituting over 90%.

Natural gas is cleaned before being sent to recipients. It is also given an odour (so‑called odorizing) so that it can be felt in the event of a leak, for example in gas stoves.

Coals belong to energy resources. Their varieties differ in colour (from light brown to intensely black), hardness and percentage content of the carbon element.

Black coal deposits in Poland are located in three basins: in Upper Silesia, in the Lublin region and in Lower Silesia.
In 2000, it was discontinued to mine coal in the coal‑mining area in Lower Silesia. In turn, over 90% of the coal mined in Poland comes from the coal‑mining area in Upper Silesia. In these areas, exploitation of deposits began already in the mid‑seventeenth century.

• Organic compounds are charring at elevated temperatures.

• Natural sources of hydrocarbons are natural gas, crude oil and coal.

• The petroleum components, e.g. gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil, are isolated using a distillation process.