Topicm7836dbda54c3acb6_1528449000663_0Topic

Electric voltage

Levelm7836dbda54c3acb6_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumm7836dbda54c3acb6_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

VI. Electricity. The student:

9) uses the concept of electric voltage as a quantity that determines the amount of energy needed to transfer a unit charge in a circuit; uses a voltage unit.

Timingm7836dbda54c3acb6_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm7836dbda54c3acb6_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Defining the concept of electric voltagevoltagevoltage.

Key competencesm7836dbda54c3acb6_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Familiarizing students with the concept of electric voltage.

2. Presentation of electric voltage sources.

3. Performing measurements of electric voltage and electric current.

Operational (detailed) goalsm7836dbda54c3acb6_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- knows and applies the concept of electric voltage,

- can measure the voltage and the electric current.

Methodsm7836dbda54c3acb6_1528449534267_0Methods

1. A talk introducing new information.

2. Creating a problem situation.

Forms of workm7836dbda54c3acb6_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual or group work.

2. Cooperation with the teacher during talk.

Lesson stages

Introductionm7836dbda54c3acb6_1528450127855_0Introduction

Please, prepare the answers to the following introductory questions for the lesson:

1. What is the electric current?

2. What quantity characterizes the amount of current?

3. Define the concept of the current intensity.

4. In what units are we measuring the intensity of the current?

5. What is the name of an instrument measuring the intensity of the current?

Procedurem7836dbda54c3acb6_1528446435040_0Procedure

Electric current is an orderly movement of charges.

Question: 
How can the movement of charges be ordered?

You have to force them somehow. You remember that the like charges repel each other, and unlike charges attract. If a negative charge accumulates at one end of the conductor and at the other end positive, electrons will move from the end where the negative charge has accumulated to the end with an excess of positive charge (negative deficiency).

[Illustration 1]

However, charging the ends of the conductor is not enough, because the incoming electrons would neutralize charges and the force would stop working. We need to maintain this state somehow.

Source of electric current is used for this.

It has two poles or clamps to which the wires are connected. It causes the separation of the charges - it performs work to separate the charges and keep them in such a state.

Separated charges act on the electrons in the conductors connected to the source. These forces set them in motion and the current flows. The collision with atoms constantly spoils this orderly movement of charges, but the electric forces restore the order.

Hydrostatic analogy of the source of electric current.

Imagine two reservoirs.

[Illustration 2]

Water can flow between them. Consider when it will flow. When there will be a difference in levels between reservoirs. It will flow, but during the flow in one reservoir, the level will decrease and in the other it will grow and eventually level out. The flow will end.
How to make water flow again? A difference in levels should be created. How to do it? Connect the pump and pump water from one reservoir to the other. This will create a difference in water levels between reservoirs, and the force of gravity will make water to flow from higher to lower level.
m7836dbda54c3acb6_1527752256679_0Water can flow between them. Consider when it will flow. When there will be a difference in levels between reservoirs. It will flow, but during the flow in one reservoir, the level will decrease and in the other it will grow and eventually level out. The flow will end.
How to make water flow again? A difference in levels should be created. How to do it? Connect the pump and pump water from one reservoir to the other. This will create a difference in water levels between reservoirs, and the force of gravity will make water to flow from higher to lower level.

The current flowcurrent flowcurrent flow is similar.

- Instead of reservoirs we have a conductor or a current receiver (for example an iron), pipes with which water flows are wires, and the pump is a source of electric current.

- The pump is designed to provide water with energy that constantly changes as a result of friction (changes into heat). The source of electric current has a similar task. It provides energy to the electric circuit. The energy is converted into heat as a result of collisions between electrons and atoms.

- Why can the source of electric current supply energy? Because it has its own resources. What is this energy? It depends on what kind of source of electric current we are dealing with.

Examples of sources of electric current:

- bicycle dynamo - this source works thanks to mechanical energy,

- battery, accumulator - this source works thanks to chemical energy,

- photocell - this source works thanks to light energy.

The difference in levels between reservoirs resembles some important physical quantity - electric voltage.

What is voltagevoltagevoltage?

The difference in levels between reservoirs makes the water fall to a lower level. Why is it falling? Because the force of gravity works. This force, acting on a portion of water, performs some work. We measure the amount of this work by multiplying the force by the displacement caused by it. We have force here and we have displacement, so the force of gravity performs work on a portion of water. The same applies to electricity. Electric force acts on electrons in the conductor. This force moves the charges in the conductor. Therefore, this force performs some work.m7836dbda54c3acb6_1527752263647_0The difference in levels between reservoirs makes the water fall to a lower level. Why is it falling? Because the force of gravity works. This force, acting on a portion of water, performs some work. We measure the amount of this work by multiplying the force by the displacement caused by it. We have force here and we have displacement, so the force of gravity performs work on a portion of water. The same applies to electricity. Electric force acts on electrons in the conductor. This force moves the charges in the conductor. Therefore, this force performs some work.

Definition of voltagevoltagevoltage:

The electric voltage between the ends of the conductor is numerically equal to the amount of work that electric forces perform when moving the charge of one coulomb inside the conductor.

The definition of voltage as a formula:

U=Wq

The unit of voltage is voltvoltvolt (V):

1V=1JC

A voltmeter is used to measure the voltage.

[Slideshow]

Experiment:

Build an electric circuit similar to that shown in the figure below.

[Interactive graphics]

1. Measure the voltagevoltagevoltage on each of the bulbs and on the voltage sourcevoltage sourcevoltage source.

2. Attach an ammeter to the circuit and measure the current flowing through the circuit.

3. Disconnect one of the bulbs.

4. Measure how the voltage on the bulb and on the voltage sourcevoltage sourcevoltage source change.

5. Measure how the current flowing through the circuit has changed.

Lesson summarym7836dbda54c3acb6_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

- The constant voltage (DC) sources are cells, batteries or accumulators that convert the energy of chemical reactions into electricity. One of the first sources of chemical energy was the Volta’s cell, constructed in 1800.

- The electric voltage U is numerically equal to the amount of work to be done to transfer the unit charge (1 C) in the conductor from one point to another.

- The voltage unit in the SI system is volt (V). One volt (1 V) corresponds numerically to the amount of work of one joule (1 J), which is needed to transfer the charge of one coulomb (1 C) between two points of the conductor.

- The voltmeter is a device used to measure the voltage between two points.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

voltagevoltagevoltage

performed workperformed workperformed work

voltage sourcevoltage sourcevoltage source

current flowcurrent flowcurrent flow

voltvoltvolt

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voltage1
voltage

napięcie

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current flow1
current flow

przepływ prądu

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wymowa w języku angielskim: current flow
volt1
volt

wolt

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wymowa w języku angielskim: volt
voltage source1
voltage source

źródło napięcia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: voltage source
performed work1
performed work

praca wykonywana

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wymowa w języku angielskim: performed work