Topicm83351e7d17dee28b_1528449000663_0Topic

Structure and physical properties of liquids. Surface tensionsurface tensionSurface tension

Levelm83351e7d17dee28b_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumm83351e7d17dee28b_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

III. Planning and conducting observations or experiments and inference based on their results.

IV. Thermal phenomena. The student:

7) describes the phenomenon of thermal conduction; distinguishes materials with different conductivity; describes the role of thermal insulation.

V. Properties of matter. The student:

8) describes the phenomenon of surface tension; illustrates the existence of cohesive forces and explains the formation of drops in this context.

VI. Electricity. The student:

3) distinguishes conductors from insulators and shows examples of them;

16) experimentally:
c) distinguishes conductors from insulators and shows examples of them.

Timingm83351e7d17dee28b_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm83351e7d17dee28b_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Recognition of physical properties of liquids.

Key competencesm83351e7d17dee28b_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Identification of free surface types.

2. Determination of the electric and thermal conductivity of liquids.

Operational (detailed) goalsm83351e7d17dee28b_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- recognizes the physical properties of the liquid,

- determines the ability of liquids to conduct electric current and heat.

Methodsm83351e7d17dee28b_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Learning by observation.

2. Learning by solving empirical problems.

Forms of workm83351e7d17dee28b_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Work in group - solving research problems.

Lesson stages

Introductionm83351e7d17dee28b_1528450127855_0Introduction

Task 1

Answer the questions:

a) Indicate characteristics of liquids.
b) How are the molecules in liquids arranged?
c) Do molecules in liquids have the ability to move relative to each other?
d) Can a metal be a liquid?

Answer:

a) Liquids have a definite volume and take the shape of the vessel in which they are.
b) Molecules in liquids are randomly arranged. The average distance between molecules in liquids is much smaller than in the case of gases and is close to the average distance of molecules in solids.
c) Molecules in liquids constantly move relative to each other.
d) After reaching a high temperature, exceeding the melting point of the metal, it may become liquid.

Procedurem83351e7d17dee28b_1528446435040_0Procedure

Demonstration

Research problem:

Presentation of incompressibility of liquid.

Research hypothesis:

Under the influence of external forces, liquids do not change their volume.

Instruction:

1. The student fills the syringe with water to a certain volume.
2. The student clogs the end of the syringe with his finger and tries to change the water volume by pressing the plunger and pulling it back.
3. The student repeats the same for oil.

Observation:

a) The volume of water and oil cannot be reduced.
b) Despite compressioncompressioncompression and expansionexpansionexpansion, the volume of liquid remains constant.

Conclusion:

a) Liquids do not change their volume, under the influence of external forces, they are practically incompressible.
b) Because liquids retain their volume during compression, their molecules repel each other during compression.
c) When expanding, the liquids retain their volume because their molecules attract.

Task 2

Determine whether the sentences below are true or false:

a) Liquids are incompressible because the molecules in the liquids are close together.
b) Liquids are incompressible because their molecules move relative to each other.
c) Liquids are incompressible because their molecules are more repulsive when compressed, and when expanded, they attract more.
d) Liquids are incompressible because their temperature decreases significantly during compressioncompressioncompression.

Answer:

a) True. b) False. c) True. d) False.

Definition:

Free surface of liquidfree surface of liquidFree surface of liquid - the surface spontaneously formed by a liquid in contact with another medium (air, other liquid).

The free surface is e.g. the upper surface of the liquid in the vessel, the surface of the drops and the stream of liquid in the air.

Task 3

Familiarize yourself with illustration „Free surface of water under the Earth’s gravitational interaction” in which the same amount of water poured into various vessels is shown.

[Illustration 1]

Answer the questions:

a) What shape does the upper part of the liquid bordered with air have?

b) Is the surface of the upper part of the liquid bordered with air the free surface of this liquid?

c) Is the surface of the liquid under Earth's gravitational interaction parallel to the Earth's surface and is it dependent on the shape of the vessel?

Answer:

a) The upper part of the liquid bordered with air is flat and horizontal.

b) The liquid surface bordered with air is its free surface.

c) The surface of the liquid under Earth's gravitational interaction is parallel to the Earth's surface and is independent of the shape of the vessel.

Task 4

Familiarize yourself with illustration „in a state of weightlessness takes the shape of a sphere”.

[Illustration 2]

Answer the question:

Is free surface of liquid in a state of weightlessness, or free fall, flat?

Answer:

No, it takes the shape of a sphere, such as drops in a space station in Earth's orbit.

Surface tensionsurface tensionSurface tension is a phenomenon that causes the surface of the liquid to behave like a stretched elastic membrane.

[Slideshow]

Due to the surface tension, small insects can run on the water surface without immersing, small objects with a density higher than the water density (pin, razor blade) can float on its surface, and the diving bell spider can collect air under water in a woven vessel made of spiderweb. The surface tension causes the liquids to take the shape of a drop, and also that the liquid level in the narrow glass tube or in the narrow gap between the panes rises above the water level in the vessel into which we immerse the tube or the glass.m83351e7d17dee28b_1527752256679_0Due to the surface tension, small insects can run on the water surface without immersing, small objects with a density higher than the water density (pin, razor blade) can float on its surface, and the diving bell spider can collect air under water in a woven vessel made of spiderweb. The surface tension causes the liquids to take the shape of a drop, and also that the liquid level in the narrow glass tube or in the narrow gap between the panes rises above the water level in the vessel into which we immerse the tube or the glass.

Explanation of the surface tension phenomenon:

[Illustration 3]

1. There is virtually no resultant force acting on molecules placed in a liquidliquidliquid far below the surface. More specifically; the force acting on the given moleculemoleculemolecule is the same from each direction, because in each direction there are virtually the same number of other molecules.
2. Approaching the surface of the liquid we observe a certain asymmetry of interactions. More molecules pull the given molecule into the centre of the liquid than towards the surface. So there is a resultant force acting on the molecule directed to the centre of the liquid.
3. A large force directed to the centre of the liquid acts on the molecule on the surface.
4. Forces acting on molecules on the surface therefore make the liquid to minimize the free surface of the liquid.
5. A stretched surface membrane is created, a phenomenon called surface tensionsurface tensionsurface tension.

Consider what experiment you can perform to show the surface tension of the liquid and its molecular structure. Discuss ideas in the classroom.

Lesson summarym83351e7d17dee28b_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

- Liquids combine the characteristics of gases and solids. On one hand, the molecules of liquids remain at distances similar to those of solids (slightly larger than the diameter of their molecules), on the other hand - they move freely relative to each other (they are characterized by high mobility).
- The surface spontaneously produced by the liquid in contact with another medium (vacuum, air, other liquid) is called the free surface of the liquid.
- Liquids are very difficult to change volume under the influence of external forces. This is due to the strong intermolecular interactions that lead to the repulsion of molecules during compression and, when they expand, to attraction.
- Most liquids are bad heat conductors compared to, for example, metal.
m83351e7d17dee28b_1527752263647_0- Liquids combine the characteristics of gases and solids. On one hand, the molecules of liquids remain at distances similar to those of solids (slightly larger than the diameter of their molecules), on the other hand - they move freely relative to each other (they are characterized by high mobility).
- The surface spontaneously produced by the liquid in contact with another medium (vacuum, air, other liquid) is called the free surface of the liquid.
- Liquids are very difficult to change volume under the influence of external forces. This is due to the strong intermolecular interactions that lead to the repulsion of molecules during compression and, when they expand, to attraction.
- Most liquids are bad heat conductors compared to, for example, metal.

- Some liquids are electrically conductive. These are most often electrolytes, i.e. aqueous solutions of certain bases, acids or salts. They can also be metals in the liquid state, such as mercury or tin.m83351e7d17dee28b_1527752263647_0- Some liquids are electrically conductive. These are most often electrolytes, i.e. aqueous solutions of certain bases, acids or salts. They can also be metals in the liquid state, such as mercury or tin.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

attractionattractionattraction

compressioncompressioncompression

electrolyteelectrolyteelectrolyte

expansionexpansionexpansion

free surface of liquidfree surface of liquidfree surface of liquid

intermolecular forceintermolecular forceintermolecular force

liquidliquidliquid

moleculemoleculemolecule

repulsionrepulsionrepulsion

surface tensionsurface tensionsurface tension

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surface tension1
surface tension

napięcie powierzchniowe

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ciecz

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ściskanie

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rozprężanie

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free surface of liquid

powierzchnia swobodna cieczy

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cząsteczka

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attraction

przyciąganie

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electrolyte

elektrolit

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oddziaływania międzycząsteczkowe

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odpychanie

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