Topicm41f3e2569f79edc6_1528449000663_0Topic

Intermolecular interactionsintermolecular interactionsIntermolecular interactions between liquids and solids

Levelm41f3e2569f79edc6_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumm41f3e2569f79edc6_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

I. The use of physical concepts and quantities to describe phenomena and to indicate their examples in the surrounding reality.

Timingm41f3e2569f79edc6_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm41f3e2569f79edc6_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Presentation of intermolecular interactions and their effects.

Key competencesm41f3e2569f79edc6_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Presentation of intermolecular interactions in liquids.

2. Determining the quantity of intermolecular interactions in liquids.

Operational (detailed) goalsm41f3e2569f79edc6_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- recognizes intermolecular interactions in liquids,

- determines what magnitude of adhesive and cohesive forces depends on.

Methodsm41f3e2569f79edc6_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Learning by observation.

2. Formulating problems and ideas for solving them.

Forms of workm41f3e2569f79edc6_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Work with the whole class, brainstorming.

Lesson stages

Introductionm41f3e2569f79edc6_1528450127855_0Introduction

Task 1

Answer the questions:

a) What physical phenomena indicate the molecular structure of the liquid?
b) What is the measure of all interactions?
c) What type of near or long‑range interactions are intermolecular interactionsintermolecular interactionsintermolecular interactions?
d) In which state of matter the intermolecular interactions will be the largest, and in which the smallest?

Answer:

a) Brownian motion proves the molecular structure of the liquid.

The existence of free surface of liquid indicates the existence of internal forces attracting liquid moleculesliquid moleculesliquid molecules to each other.

The incompressibility of the liquid indicates the repulsion of the liquid molecules during the compression of the liquid and the appearance of attractive forces when attempting to expand the liquid.

b) The measure of all interactions is force.
c) Intermolecular interactions are classified as short‑range forces.
d) Intermolecular interactions will be greatest in solids and the smallest in gases.

Procedurem41f3e2569f79edc6_1528446435040_0Procedure

Definition:

Cohesive forces - forces of mutual attraction of molecules of the same substance, e.g. water or plexiglas.

[Slideshow]

Task 2

Answer the question:

a) What caused the cohesive forces after closing the holes with finger?
b) Where are the cohesive forces?

Answer:

a) Cohesive forces have combined four streams of water into one because the lateral surface of one resultant stream of water is smaller than the lateral surfaces of four separate streams of water.
b) Cohesive forces occur between molecules of the same substance.

Task 3

Watch the pictures below and think about the cause of the phenomena presented.

[Illustration 1]

Conclusion:

There is a physical phenomenon called surface tensionsurface tensionsurface tension.

This phenomenon occurs at the boundary of the liquid and a solid, gas or other liquid.

Task 4

See illustration “Diagram of interactions occurring on the surface of the liquid”. Suggest an explanation of the observed phenomenon.

[Illustration 2]

Conclusion:

The effect that the neighbouring particles exert on the molecule inside the volume of the liquid is small, because the cohesive forces coming from its surroundings almost completely balance. It is completely different when the molecule is on the surface of the liquid. Then the cohesive forces originating from the molecules inside the liquid act on the molecule. The attractive forces from the liquid molecules make the resultant force acting on this molecule direct to the interior of the liquid, perpendicular to its surface. A thin layer of liquid with this property is called a surface film.m41f3e2569f79edc6_1527752256679_0The effect that the neighbouring particles exert on the molecule inside the volume of the liquid is small, because the cohesive forces coming from its surroundings almost completely balance. It is completely different when the molecule is on the surface of the liquid. Then the cohesive forces originating from the molecules inside the liquid act on the molecule. The attractive forces from the liquid molecules make the resultant force acting on this molecule direct to the interior of the liquid, perpendicular to its surface. A thin layer of liquid with this property is called a surface film.

Demonstration:

Observation of intermolecular interactions forces.

Hypothesis:

There are intermolecular interactions between molecules from which CDs are made and water molecules.

Course of the experiment:

1. The student combines two CDs and separates them.
2. The student combines the same CDs moistened with water and tries to separate them.

Observation:

a) Separation of dry plates does not require additional effort by the student.
b) Separation of plates moistened with water is difficult and requires additional force.

Conclusion:

There are intermolecular forces between liquid and solid molecules.

Definition:
Adhesive forces - forces acting between liquid and solid molecules.
Adhesive forces should not be confused with cohesive forces, which are the forces of interaction between molecules of the same liquid.

Task 5

Familiarize yourself with the illustration „Different types of meniscusmeniscusmeniscus.

[Illustration 3]

[Interactive graphics]

Task 6

Specify whether the sentences are true or false:

a) When the cohesive forces of the liquid moleculesliquid moleculesliquid molecules are greater than the adhesive forces between the liquid molecules and the vessel molecules, a convex meniscusmeniscusmeniscus is formed.
b) When the cohesive forces of the liquid molecules are greater than the adhesive forces between the liquid molecules and the vessel molecules, a concave meniscus is formed.
c) When the cohesive forces of the liquid molecules are equal to the adhesive forces between the liquid molecules and the vessel molecules, there is no meniscus.

Answer:

a) True. b) False. c) True.

Lesson summarym41f3e2569f79edc6_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

- Interactions occurring between molecules of the same substance are cohesive forces.
- Intermolecular interactions occurring between molecules of different substances are adhesive forces.
- The mutual relations between adhesive and cohesive forces lead to the formation of a meniscus. When the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules outweigh the adhesive forces, a convex meniscus is formed. When the adhesive forces are greater than the cohesive forces, a concave meniscus is formed.
- The surface of the liquid tends to occupy the smallest possible area. This is manifested in a situation where this area will increase (e.g., the surface will bend). Then, surface tension forces occur, striving to reduce the surface area (e.g. by restoring its flat shape).
m41f3e2569f79edc6_1527752263647_0- Interactions occurring between molecules of the same substance are cohesive forces.
- Intermolecular interactions occurring between molecules of different substances are adhesive forces.
- The mutual relations between adhesive and cohesive forces lead to the formation of a meniscus. When the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules outweigh the adhesive forces, a convex meniscus is formed. When the adhesive forces are greater than the cohesive forces, a concave meniscus is formed.
- The surface of the liquid tends to occupy the smallest possible area. This is manifested in a situation where this area will increase (e.g., the surface will bend). Then, surface tension forces occur, striving to reduce the surface area (e.g. by restoring its flat shape).

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson

adhesive forceadhesive forceadhesive force

balancebalancebalance

cohesive forcecohesive forcecohesive force

intermolecular interactionsintermolecular interactionsintermolecular interactions

liquid moleculesliquid moleculesliquid molecules

meniscusmeniscusmeniscus

perpendicularlyperpendicularlyperpendicularly

surface filmsurface filmsurface film

surface tensionsurface tensionsurface tension

volumevolumevolume

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intermolecular interactions1
intermolecular interactions

oddziaływania międzycząsteczkowe

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wymowa w języku angielskim: intermolecular interactions
liquid molecules1
liquid molecules

cząsteczki cieczy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: liquid molecules
surface tension1
surface tension

napięcie powierzchniowe

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wymowa w języku angielskim: surface tension
meniscus1
meniscus

menisk

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wymowa w języku angielskim: meniscus
adhesive force1
adhesive force

siła przylegania

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wymowa w języku angielskim: adhesive force
balance1
balance

równowaga

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wymowa w języku angielskim: balance
cohesive force1
cohesive force

siła spójności

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wymowa w języku angielskim: cohesive force
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perpendicularly

prostopadłe

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surface film

błona powierzchniowa

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wymowa w języku angielskim: surface film
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volume

objętość

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wymowa w języku angielskim: volume