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Topicmd7d48449f82ee655_1528449000663_0Topic

The Tower of Babel in computer science

Levelmd7d48449f82ee655_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculummd7d48449f82ee655_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

Grades IV‑VI

I. Understanding, analysing and solving problems. The student:

3) identifies basic steps in algorithmic problem solving: defining a problem and the aim to achieve, analysing a problem situation, developing solution, checking the solution of the problem for exemplary data, representing the solution in the form of a diagram or a programmeprogrammeprogramme.

Timingmd7d48449f82ee655_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General objectivemd7d48449f82ee655_1528449523725_0General objective

Describing programming languagesprogramming languagesprogramming languages.

Specific objectivesmd7d48449f82ee655_1528449552113_0Specific objectives

1. Identifying programming languages.

2. Defining the term referring to programming languages.

Learning outcomesmd7d48449f82ee655_1528450430307_0Learning outcomes

The student:

- describes various programming languages,

- defines the terms: a programming language, a computer programme, syntaxsyntaxsyntax, keywordskeywordskeywords.

Methodsmd7d48449f82ee655_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion.

2. Learning through observation.

Forms of workmd7d48449f82ee655_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Class work.

Lesson stages

Introductionmd7d48449f82ee655_1528450127855_0Introduction

The teacher initiates a short discussion about how the students understand the term ‘computer programmeprogrammeprogramme’.

Computers, laptops, tablets or smartphones must be equipped with operating systems and applications in order to be useful to us. Both operating systems and applications are computer programmes. When you run a text editor, an image editor or your favourite online game, you do not realise that actually they are thousands of lines of codecodecode written in one of programming languagesprogramming languagesprogramming languages.

There are thousands of programming languages in the world. However we usually do not care in which programming language a computer programme we use has been written.

Proceduremd7d48449f82ee655_1528446435040_0Procedure

What is a programming language?

Programming languages differ from languages we use every day in that they are more precise and unambiguous; it can be said that they are more formalised. A programming language comprises an appropriate set of instructions, keywordskeywordskeywords and the rules of syntaxsyntaxsyntax. The syntax of a programming language is a set of rules that the written codecodecode must follow in order to be recognised as a programme. Syntax includes available symbols, mathematical and logical operators and keywords, which can be used while writing a programme. Keywords usually come from the English language and are used as commands, instructions or declarations, e.g. BEGIN, END, FUNCTION, IF, DO, STOP, CONTINUE, GO, PRINT. Instructions describe operations such as: inserting or displaying data, performing calculations, specifying conditions or the number of iterations. You must be careful when you write a computer programme since it will not run if it has even the slightest error or a missing coma or semicolon.

Some programming languagesprogramming languagesprogramming languages are created from scratch, however most of them evolve from already known solutions. Many keywords and rules of syntaxsyntaxsyntax are the same in various programming languages. Therefore learning one programming language enables mastering another one quicker.

[Illustration 1]

What is a computer programme?

A computer programme is an interpretation of a algorithm written in a selected programming language. An algorithm is a step‑by‑step instruction on how to solve a problem or perform a task. The examples of algorithms are a recipe for a cake or describing the way from home to the cinema. In computer science, an algorithm is a set of steps to be performed by a computer programme in order to complete a task.md7d48449f82ee655_1527752263647_0A computer programme is an interpretation of a algorithm written in a selected programming language. An algorithm is a step‑by‑step instruction on how to solve a problem or perform a task. The examples of algorithms are a recipe for a cake or describing the way from home to the cinema. In computer science, an algorithm is a set of steps to be performed by a computer programme in order to complete a task.

[Illustration 2]

Who wrote the first programmeprogrammeprogramme?

Ada Lovelace, the daughter of the poet Lord Byron, wrote the first ever algorithm in 1843. She completed the work of Charles Babbage on an analytical machine with her own description of an algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine. The algorithm generated the consecutive Bernoulli numbers. Only in 1991, a working specimen of the machine was constructed using materials that would have been available in Lovelace’s days.

There are many classifications of programming languagesprogramming languagesprogramming languages, depending on a specified criterion.

Classification by the method of code processing:

1. Compiled languages – the source code is translated into the machine language, which is understandable for the processor – C++, Pascal.
2. Interpreted languages – the source code is directly translated and executed by a programme called an interpreter – Perl, JavaScript.
3. Mixed languages – i.e. compiled to bytecode and interpreted by a virtual machine – Java.
md7d48449f82ee655_1527752256679_01. Compiled languages – the source code is translated into the machine language, which is understandable for the processor – C++, Pascal.
2. Interpreted languages – the source code is directly translated and executed by a programme called an interpreter – Perl, JavaScript.
3. Mixed languages – i.e. compiled to bytecode and interpreted by a virtual machine – Java.

Task 1

On the internet, find another examples of compiledcompiledcompiled and interpretedinterpretedinterpreted languages.

Classification by a programming paradigm (pattern):

1. Non‑structurednon‑structuredNon‑structured languages – Basic.
2. StructuredstructuredStructured languages (programmes are made up of smaller elements, procedures, functions etc.) – Pascal, C.
3. Object‑orientedobject‑orientedObject‑oriented languages (programmes are made up of objects, which have their properties and perform operations) – C++, Java.

Task 2

On the internet, find another examples of structuredstructuredstructured and object‑oriented languages.

[Interactive graphics]

Task 3

On the internet, find the examples of programming languages presented in the interactive illustration.

Lesson summarymd7d48449f82ee655_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

Memorise!

Learning one programming language enables mastering another one quicker.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

codecodecode

compiledcompiledcompiled

high‑level programming languageshigh‑level programming languageshigh‑level programming languages

instructioninstructioninstruction

interpretedinterpretedinterpreted

keywordskeywordskeywords

low‑level programming languageslow‑level programming languageslow‑level programming languages

non‑structurednon‑structurednon‑structured

object‑orientedobject‑orientedobject‑oriented

programmeprogrammeprogramme

programming languagesprogramming languagesprogramming languages

structuredstructuredstructured

syntaxsyntaxsyntaxsyntaxsyntax

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programme1
programme

program

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wymowa w języku angielskim: programme
programming languages1
programming languages

języki programowania

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wymowa w języku angielskim: programming languages
syntax1
syntax

składnia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: syntax
keywords1
keywords

słowa kluczowe

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wymowa w języku angielskim: keywords
code1
code

kod

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wymowa w języku angielskim: code
compiled1
compiled

kompilowane

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wymowa w języku angielskim: compiled
interpreted1
interpreted

interpretowane

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wymowa w języku angielskim: interpreted
non‑structured1
non‑structured

niestrukturalne

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wymowa w języku angielskim: non‑structured
structured1
structured

strukturalne

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wymowa w języku angielskim: structured
object‑oriented1
object‑oriented

obiektowe

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wymowa w języku angielskim: object‑oriented
high‑level programming languages1
high‑level programming languages

języki wysokiego poziomu

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wymowa w języku angielskim: high‑level programming languages
instruction1
instruction

instrukcja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: instruction
low‑level programming languages1
low‑level programming languages

języki niskiego poziomu

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wymowa w języku angielskim: low‑level programming languages