Topicm5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528449000663_0Topic

The formation of galaxies and the evolution of stars

Levelm5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528449084556_0Level

Third

Core curriculumm5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

XI. Nuclear physics. The student:

12) describes elements of star evolution; he discusses supernovae and black holes.

Timingm5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Explains the theory of formation of galaxies.

Key competencesm5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Lists factors that affect the formation of spiral and elliptical galaxies.

2. Distinguishes the populations of stars.

3. Describes the process of star formation.

Operational (detailed) goalsm5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- describes the formation of galaxies,

- describes the process of star formation.

Methodsm5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion.

2. Experiment.

Forms of workm5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionm5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528450127855_0Introduction

Remind the stages of the formation of the universe in the Big Bang theory.

Procedurem5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528446435040_0Procedure

The current state of knowledge does not allow for the formulation of an unambiguous theory explaining the formation of galaxies. Researchers assume that all galaxies were formed from a gas that uniformly filled the entire universe at the beginning of its existence. It consisted mainly of hydrogenhydrogenhydrogen and heliumheliumhelium, with a small admixture of light elements.

Over time, heterogeneity in the distribution of matter appeared, and its temperature decreased. In clouds with higher density of matter, so‑called protogalaxies, the first stars were created, referred to as the stars of the third population. They were large, massive stars, hundreds of times larger than our Sun. Their life time was relatively short, ended with a violent explosion, which resulted in further light elements remaining in the area of protogalaxies. The first generation of stars, according to modern hypotheses, was created around 200‑300 million years after the Big Bang.

Definition:
ProtogalaxyprotogalaxyProtogalaxy is a vast mass of gas in which the process of star formation began. It is the origin of the new galaxygalaxygalaxy.

Definition:
Galaxies is large systems of stars, dustdustdust and gas (interstellar matter), invisible dark matter and energy.

The gravitational force resulting from the enormous density of the cloud caused its collapsecollapsecollapse and temperature droptemperature droptemperature drop. The movement of matter around the rotation axis caused the cloud to flatten and produce a characteristic disc and further attract gas and dust. Inside the disk, new stars were formed, and on the outskirts of the old cloud a halo of gas, dust and dark matter and old stars remained.

It is assumed that two factors decided whether spiral or elliptical galaxygalaxygalaxy was formed from the protogalaxyprotogalaxyprotogalaxy.

- Angular momentum - a protogalactic cloud with larger angular momentum moved faster and formed a spiral galaxy. In turn, the elliptical galaxy formed from a slower moving cloud.

- The temperature drop - very dense protogalaxies cooled faster, and all the matter contained in them was used to create stars. Hence, there is no disk in the elliptical galaxies. On the other hand, in less dense clouds the temperature dropped slower, which allowed to create a disk with gas and dustdustdust.

Stars due to their age are divided into so‑called stellarstellarstellar populations.

- Population III stars - these are the oldest stars mentioned above. They are not observed, but there are hypotheses that suggest that some of them may have survived to our times. These stars should have a very poor composition with elements other than heliumheliumhelium and hydrogenhydrogenhydrogen.
- Population II stars are old stars from times when the concentration of light elements in protogalactic clouds was very low. They are found mainly in the centres of galaxies and in the surrounding halo, and form globular clusters. They move in orbits at different angles to the plane of the galaxy.
- Population I stars - these are relatively young stars. In their composition there are much more metallic elements, from 2 to 4%. They are observed in the areas of galactic disks, in the arms of galaxies and in open clusters. Stars of I population usually move in regular, elliptical orbits around the centre of the galaxygalaxygalaxy and in its plane.

[Illustration 1]

The universe is constantly evolving, and the process of creating stars is not over.

Some stars end their lives, and others just come into being.

It is assumed that the stars are created in the clouds of interstellar matter. The gas, consisting of hydrogen and helium and a small admixture of other elements at the level of 1%, undergoescondensation. Such condensation may be caused by an electromagnetic wave coming from the explosion of another star. The newly created cloud begins to collapsedue to gravity, and such collapse is accompanied by an increase in temperature. The gas‑dust cloud rotates around its own axis and forms a disc with a central spherical part called the protostar. The process of protostar creation can last for hundreds of thousands of years.
When the temperature inside the protostar reaches a sufficiently high value, it allows thermonuclear processes to take place. The energy released in these processes inhibits the gravitational collapse of the star, because the pressure inside the star resulting from the energy flow from the centre to the outer parts of the star is enough to prevent it from collapsing under its own weight.
m5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1527752256679_0It is assumed that the stars are created in the clouds of interstellar matter. The gas, consisting of hydrogen and helium and a small admixture of other elements at the level of 1%, undergoescondensation. Such condensation may be caused by an electromagnetic wave coming from the explosion of another star. The newly created cloud begins to collapsedue to gravity, and such collapse is accompanied by an increase in temperature. The gas‑dust cloud rotates around its own axis and forms a disc with a central spherical part called the protostar. The process of protostar creation can last for hundreds of thousands of years.
When the temperature inside the protostar reaches a sufficiently high value, it allows thermonuclear processes to take place. The energy released in these processes inhibits the gravitational collapse of the star, because the pressure inside the star resulting from the energy flow from the centre to the outer parts of the star is enough to prevent it from collapsing under its own weight.

The radiation emitted by it causes the star to glow.

When the nuclear reactions occur slower and slower due to the lack of elements for synthesis, the star begins to collapse. The dying star expands in a giant or supergiant phase. The star eventually explodes and becomes a planetary nebula or supernova. Finally, it turns into a white dwarf, a neutron star or becomes a black hole. The final fate of the star depends on its initial mass.m5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1527752263647_0When the nuclear reactions occur slower and slower due to the lack of elements for synthesis, the star begins to collapse. The dying star expands in a giant or supergiant phase. The star eventually explodes and becomes a planetary nebula or supernova. Finally, it turns into a white dwarf, a neutron star or becomes a black hole. The final fate of the star depends on its initial mass.

[Interactive graphics]

Lesson summarym5c34c2cfd85d63d5_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

The current state of knowledge does not allow for theformulation of an unambiguous theory explaining the formation of galaxies.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

collapsecollapsecollapse

dustdustdust

galaxygalaxygalaxy

heliumheliumhelium

hydrogenhydrogenhydrogen

nebulanebulanebula

protogalaxyprotogalaxyprotogalaxy

stellarstellarstellar

temperature droptemperature droptemperature drop

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hydrogen1
hydrogen

wodór

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helium1
helium

hel

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wymowa w języku angielskim: helium
protogalaxy1
protogalaxy

protogalaktyka

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wymowa w języku angielskim: protogalaxy
galaxy1
galaxy

galaktyka

R1IlrPQl1rLTC1
wymowa w języku angielskim: galaxy
dust1
dust

pył

RnNc6bxwFFOyX1
wymowa w języku angielskim: dust
collapse1
collapse

zapadnięcie się

R1Br1403MO52s1
wymowa w języku angielskim: collapse
temperature drop1
temperature drop

spadek temperatury

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wymowa w języku angielskim: temperature drop
stellar1
stellar

gwiezdny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: stellar
nebula1
nebula

mgławica

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wymowa w języku angielskim: nebula