Topicmfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528449000663_0Topic

OpticsopticsOptics - summary

Levelmfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculummfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

IX. OpticsopticsOptics. The student:

1) illustrates the straight line propagation of light in a homogeneous medium; explains the formation of umbra and penumbra;

2) describes the phenomenon of reflection off a flat surface and off a spherical surface;

3) describes the phenomenon of light scattering when reflected off a rough surface;

4) analyses the path of rays coming out of a point in different directions, and then reflected off a plane mirrormirrormirror and spherical mirrors; describes the focusing of rays in a concave mirror and the path of rays reflected off a convex mirror; uses the concepts of focal point and focal length;

5) constructs the path of rays illustrating the formation of virtual images produced by a plane mirror and the creation of real and virtual images produced by spherical mirrors, knowing the location of the focal point;

6) describes qualitatively the phenomenon of refraction of lightrefraction of lightrefraction of light at the boundary of two media differing in the speed of light propagation; indicates the direction of refraction;

7) describes the path of rays parallel to the optical axis passing through the converging and diverging lenslenslens, using the concepts of focal point and focal length;

8) constructs the images created by the lens; distinguishes real, virtual, upright, inverted images; compares the size of the object and image;

9) uses the concept of myopia and hyperopia and describes the role of lenses in correcting these eye defects;

10) describes white light as a mixture of colours and illustrates this by the dispersiondispersiondispersion of light in a prism; lists other examples of light dispersion.

Timingmfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesmfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Consolidates the knowledge about optical phenomena.

Key competencesmfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Describes optical phenomena using the concept of a light rayrayray.

2. Explains the phenomenon of reflection and refraction of lightrefraction of lightrefraction of light.

3. Describes the construction of images in a concave mirrormirrormirror and in lenses.

Operational (detailed) goalsmfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- explains the phenomena of reflection and refraction,

- uses the concept of a light rayrayray in the description of phenomena and their reconstruction.

Methodsmfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion.

2. Text analysis.

Forms of workmfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionmfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528450127855_0Introduction

Prepare short statements explaining the following concepts.

1. Light sources.
2. Umbra and penumbra.
3. Reflection of lightreflection of lightReflection of light.
4. Flat mirrormirrormirror.
5. Concave mirror.
6. Construction of images in a spherical mirror.
7. Refraction of lightrefraction of lightRefraction of light.
8. Lenses.
9. Construction of images using lenses.
10. Sight and eye defects.
11. DispersiondispersionDispersion of light.
12. Speed of light.

Proceduremfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528446435040_0Procedure

OpticsopticsOptics is a branch of physics that studies light and its interaction with matter. Geometrical optics - explains the optical phenomena assuming that light propagates in a straight line in an optically homogeneous mediumoptically homogeneous mediumoptically homogeneous medium. In optics, we often use the concept of an optical medium.

The optically homogeneous medium - a medium that has all chemical and physical properties constant in its entire volume, e.g. a glass lenslenslens. In such a medium the light propagates in a straight line with the same speed in all directions.

The optically inhomogeneous medium - a medium whose properties in various points of its volume are different, e.g. air with changing temperature.

1. Light sources.

The sourcesourcesource of light is a body that emits light radiation in the visible light range.
We divide the light sources into natural and artificial ones.
Light sources can be:

- point source - here the light source has very small dimensions with respect to the distance from the illuminated object. In the case of a point source, we assume that light rays come from a single point.
- extended source - this means that its size is relatively large with respect to the distance to the illuminated object, e.g. the sun illuminating the Earth.

2. Umbra and penumbra.

In an optically homogeneous mediumoptically homogeneous mediumoptically homogeneous medium, light propagates in a straight line. The straight line along which the light travels is called a rayrayray of light.

Umbra (shadow) is an area where light rays, stopped by an opaque object, do not reach.

Penumbra is an area illuminated by part of the light emitted by the sourcesourcesource. Penumbra is created when the object is illuminated by an extended light source.

3. Reflection of light.

The ray of light falling on the boundary of two optical media is reflected. The angle of incidence of the light ray is equal to the angle of reflection. We measure these angles relative to a straight line perpendicular to the boundary of these media at the point of incidence. This line is called normal.mfc7cfd61e20d0667_1527752256679_0The ray of light falling on the boundary of two optical media is reflected. The angle of incidence of the light ray is equal to the angle of reflection. We measure these angles relative to a straight line perpendicular to the boundary of these media at the point of incidence. This line is called normal.

Normal, incident ray and reflected ray lie in one plane.mfc7cfd61e20d0667_1527752256679_0Normal, incident ray and reflected ray lie in one plane.

4. Flat mirror.

Flat mirrors are smooth reflecting surfaces. They are usually made of glass covered with a layer of aluminium or silver or other metal.

The beam of parallel light rays falling on the mirrormirrormirror is reflected, and the rays in the reflected beam still remain parallel to each other.

If the reflecting surface is rough, then the directions of the reflected rays become divergent.

An image created in a flat mirror is upright and virtual. The virtual image is created behind the mirror at the intersection of the reflected rays extended behind the mirror.

5. Concave mirror.

Spherical concave mirrormirrormirror is a mirror whose reflecting surface is the inner part of the sphere. A concave mirror can also be a segment of the paraboloid.

The optical system of the concave mirror consists of:

Main optical axis - a straight line passing through the centre of the curvature of the mirror (C) and its vertex (V).

Radius of curvature (R) - the radius of the sphere whose inner part is the reflecting surface of the mirror.

Focal point of the mirrormirrormirror (F) - if light rays travel parallel to the optical axis of the mirror, after reflection they will intersect at the same point located on the optical axis called the focal point.

Focal length (f) - is the distance between the focal point and the vertex of the mirror.

Relation between the focal length and the radius of curvature:

f=R2

6. Construction of images in a spherical mirror.

To construct an image in a spherical mirror, at least two of the following light rays are needed:

Light rayrayray parallel to the optical axis, after reflection off the mirrormirrormirror passes through the focal point.
Light ray traveling through the centre of the curvature of the mirror, after reflection returns back on the same path.
Light ray passing through the focal point of the mirror, after reflection becomes parallel to the optical axis.

The image formed in a concave mirror can be magnified, the same size or reduced, real or virtual, upright or inverted.

7. Refraction of light.

If the light ray reaches the boundary of two optically different media, its direction will change – this is refraction of lightrefraction of lightrefraction of light.

The angleangleangle between the direction of the incident ray and the perpendicular to the boundary surface (normal) at the point of incidence is called the angle of incidence.

The angle of refraction is the angle between the perpendicular to the boundary surface (normal) at the point of refraction and the direction of the refracted ray.

The incident rayrayray, perpendicular (normal) and the refracted ray lie in one plane.

The cause of the refraction phenomenon is the change in the speed of light propagation at the transition from one medium to another.

If the speed of light propagation in the first medium is greater than in the one to which the light passes, then the angleangleangle of incidence is greater than the angle of refraction.

If the speed of light propagation in the first medium is smaller than in the second medium, then the angleangleangle of incidence is smaller than the angle of refraction.

If the light falls perpendicular to the boundary of two media, then the direction of its path will not change (although the speed of its propagation in these media is different).

[Interactive graphics]

8. Lenses.

The lenslenslens is a transparent body bounded by spherical, parabolic or cylindrical surfaces.
Lenses can both converge and diverge light. Lenses are divided into converging and diverging.
Examples of lens applications: glasses, magnifier, optical microscope, telescope.

The optical system of the lens consists of:

- Optical axis - a straight line passing through the centres of curvature of the surfaces from which the lens was created.
- Focal point (F) - if light rays travel parallel to the optical axis of the lens, after passing through the lens they will intersect at the same point located on the optical axis called the focal point.
- Focal length (f) - distance between the focal point and the centre of the lens.

9. Construction of images using lenses.

At least two of the following light rays are needed for the construction of an image produced using a converging lens:

- light rayrayray parallel to the optical axis - after passing through the lens it travels through the focal point;
- light ray passing through the focal point - after passing through the lens, it travels parallel to the optical axis;
- light ray passing through the centre of the lenslenslens - after passing through the lens it does not change direction (does not refract).

In the image construction in a diverging lens, two rays are used:

- light ray parallel to the optical axis - after passing through the lens its extension passes through the virtual focal point;
- light ray passing through the centre of the lens - after passing through the lens its direction (path) does not change.

The image formed in the converging lens can be magnified, the same size or reduced, real or virtual, upright or inverted. In diverging lenses, the resulting image is always upright, reduced and virtual.

10. Sight and eye defects.

The basic sight organ is the eye in which the lenslenslens plays an important role. The rays of light after passing through the cornea fall on the converging lens, which creates a reduced, inverted and real image on the retina.

The human eye has the ability to accommodate, or the ability to match the eye to the distance in which the object being viewed is located. This is possible due to the lens's ability to change shape.

The minimum distance of good sight for a human eye with no eye defect is about 25 cm.

The most common eye defects are:

- Short‑sightedness (myopia) is a defect associated with the refraction of lightrefraction of lightrefraction of light through the lens (too convex) or too long distance from the retina to the lens (elongated eyeball). The image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina and is interpreted by the brain as indistinct and blurred. Diverging lenses are used to correct this defect.
- Long‑sightedness (hyperopia) is a defect associated with the refraction of light through the lenslenslens (too flattened) or too short distance from the retina to the lens (shortened eyeball). The image of a distant object is formed behind the retina and is interpreted by the brain as out of focus. Converging lenses are used to correct this defect.

11. Dispersion of light.

White light is a mixture of colours from violet to red. We can see these colours by passing a beam of white light through the prism.

The prism is a transparent solid (usually made of glass), which is a polyhedron with a triangle base.

Light passing through the prism is refracted twice, for the first time on the boundary between air and glass (at the entrance to the prism), for the second time on the glass‑air boundary (at the exit from the prism).

During the passage through the prism the highest deviation from the primary direction has violet light, and the smallest - red.

The phenomenon of light separation into colours is called dispersiondispersiondispersion.

12. Speed of light.

Light in a vacuum travels at approximately 300000 kms.

In material media, the speed of light is smaller and different for various media, e.g. in water it is 225000 kms and in ice 229000 kms.

Lesson summarymfc7cfd61e20d0667_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

Geometrical optics a branch of physics that explains the optical phenomena assuming that light propagates in a straight line in an optically homogeneous medium.mfc7cfd61e20d0667_1527752263647_0Geometrical optics a branch of physics that explains the optical phenomena assuming that light propagates in a straight line in an optically homogeneous medium.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

angleangleangle

dispersiondispersiondispersion

lenslenslens

mirrormirrormirror

optically homogeneous mediumoptically homogeneous mediumoptically homogeneous medium

opticsopticsoptics

rayrayray

reflection of lightreflection of lightreflection of light

refraction of lightrefraction of lightrefraction of light

sourcesourcesource

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