Topicmcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528449000663_0Topic

The first Newton's law. Inertia of bodies

Levelmcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculummcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

I. The use of physical concepts and quantities to describe phenomena and to indicate their examples in the surrounding reality.

II. Motion and forces. The student:

14) analyses the behaviour of bodies based on the first Newton’s lawfirst Newton’s lawfirst Newton’s law;

15) uses the concept of mass as a measure of inertia of bodies.

Timingmcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesmcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Familiarizing with the first Newton's law.

Key competencesmcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Recognition of force as the cause of motion.

2. Providing conditions that must be met for the body to be at rest or in uniform rectilinear motion.

3. Providing examples of the phenomenon of inertia.

Operational (detailed) goalsmcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- recognizes the causes of body to be at rest and in uniform rectilinear motion,

- gives the content of the first newton's law.

Methodsmcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Talk, discussion.

2. Student exercises.

Forms of workmcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Work with the whole class.

Lesson stages

Introductionmcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528450127855_0Introduction

Task 1

a) When is the body moving and when is at rest relative to another body?
b) Divide the motions due to trajectorytrajectorytrajectory, velocity and acceleration.
c) Give the characteristics of rectilinear motion.
d) What should be done to set the body in motion?
e) When are the forces acting on the body balanced?

Answer:

a) If the body changes its position relative to the motionless reference frame (another body), then it is in motion.

b) Due to trajectory, motion can be divided into rectilinear and curvilinear motion. Motion with constant velocity in a straight line is called uniform rectilinear motion. Motion in which the speed increases is called accelerated. Motion having a constant acceleration, moving in a straight line is called uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. Motion in which uniform rectilinear and uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion phases occur is called a complex motion.

c) The trajectory of rectilinear motion is a straight line.

d) In order to set the body in motion, it is necessary to throw it off equilibrium state by applying an unbalanced force.

e) Forces acting on the body are balanced when the resultant force is zero.

Proceduremcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528446435040_0Procedure

Task 2

View the drawings below and follow the instructions given below.

[Illustration 1]

a) Draw forces acting on the objects shown in Fig. 1, 2, 3.
b) Give the magnitude of the resultant force acting on these bodies shown in Fig. 1, 2.
c) When will the body be at rest?

Answer:

[Illustration 2]

a) Forces acting on the body are the gravitational force Q, the reaction force R of the surface (against the normal force N). In the case of a wardrobe, the boy applies the force F on the wardrobe, and the floor applies the friction force FT on the wardrobe.
b) Since the wardrobe and the jug are at rest, the resulting force must be equal to zero.

In the case of a standing cabinet, Q-2·R1=0.

In the case of a standing jug, Q-R=0.

c) The body is at rest when the forces acting on this body are balanced.

Conclusions:

1. If the body is at rest, the resultant of all forces acting on this body is zero.
2. To set the body in motion, apply a force that overcomes the friction.

Task 3

Provide conclusions resulting from the presented pictures regarding the inertia of bodies.

[Slideshow]

Conclusions:

1. If the forces acting on the body are balanced and the body has no initial speed, it remains at rest.
2. If the forces acting on the body are balanced, but the body has an initial speed then the body will move at the same velocity.
3. If the body had an initial speed, but the forces stopped acting on it, the body would continue to move at the same velocity.
4. If the forces acting on the body moving in a circle stopped acting, the body will continue the motion at the same speed, but in uniform rectilinear motion.

The first Newton’s lawfirst Newton’s lawfirst Newton’s law:

If there is no force acting on a body or the forces acting on the body are balanced, the body remains at rest or moves in uniform rectilinear motion. The reference frame, in which the first Newton’s law is met is called the inertial reference frame.

[Illustration 3]

Inertia of bodies:

We encounter the inertia of bodies every day in different circumstances. Most often in starting from a stop or braking tram or other vehicle. When the tram starts then it „throws” us back, as if some force, opposite to the direction of motion, acted. Our body behaves as if it wanted to be at rest, at the bus stop. When the tram brakes, passengers feel pushed forward as if they wanted to continue to move at their current speed.

In conclusion, the physical body has a characteristic that causes the body to maintain its state of motion - rest or uniform motionuniform motionuniform motion in a straight line. This characteristic is called inertia. The body mass is the measure of inertia.

Inertia of the body occurs in non‑inertial reference frames, i.e. those that move with acceleration.

[Interactive illustration]

Definition:

Inertial reference frameinertial reference frameInertial reference frame - a reference frame in which the first Newton's law is met.

Definition:

Non‑inertial reference framenon‑inertial reference frameNon‑inertial reference frame - a reference frame that moves non‑uniformly relative to any inertial reference frame.

Experiment:

Research problem:
Is the body at rest inertial?

Research hypothesis:
The body at rest in the inertial reference frame retains its inertia.

Requisites:
- glass,
- heavier coin (e.g. 5 PLN),
- sheet of paper,
- water.

Instruction:
1. We cover the glass with a sheet of paper on which we place the coin.
2. We move the sheet slowly.
3. We pull the sheet quickly.
4. We place the glass on a sheet of paper lying on the table. We move the sheet slowly.
5. We pull out the sheet from under the glass.
6. We repeat points 4 and 5 for a glass filled with water.

[Illustration 4]

Observations:
1. When we pull the sheet slowly, the coin moves with it.
2. When we pull the sheet quickly, the coin falls into the glass.
3. When we pull the sheet out from under the glass slowly, the glass moves with the sheet.
4. When we pull the sheet out from under the glass with quickly, the glass stays at the same place as it was.
5. It is easier to pull a sheet of paper from under a glass filled with water.

Conclusion:

The physical body, in this case the coin and the glass, wants to keep its state of motion, in this case state of rest. This characteristic is called inertia. The measure of inertia of the body is its mass.

Task 4

Assign true or false to the sentences below:

a) There are no forces acting on the book lying on the table.
b) Only gravitational force acts on the book lying on the table.
c) Balanced forces act on the book lying on the table.
d) The resultant of all forces acting on the book lying on the table is 0 N.

Answer:

a) False.
b) False. 
c) True. 
d) True.

Lesson summarymcb4990fe42ceddd8_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

- The cause of changes in a speed of the body relative to the motionless reference frame is the existence/acting of unbalanced force on this body.

- Bodies at rest tend to be at rest, bodies moving - to maintain its motion without changing the speed. This resistance of bodies to changes of the state of motion is called inertia. Inertia is evident in reference frame that accelerate, decelerate or change the direction of motion.

- Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a given object. It is a measure of inertia - resistance which this object puts when we want to move it, stop it or change its motion in some way.

- The first Newton's law is that if no force or balanced forces act on the body, the body remains at rest or moves in uniform rectilinear motion.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

balancing of forcesbalancing of forcesbalancing of forces

complex motioncomplex motioncomplex motion

first Newton’s lawfirst Newton’s lawfirst Newton’s law

inertial of bodiesinertial of bodiesinertial of bodies

inertial reference frameinertial reference frameinertial reference frame

non‑inertial reference framenon‑inertial reference framenon‑inertial reference frame

reference framereference framereference frame

trajectorytrajectorytrajectory

uniform motionuniform motionuniform motion

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first Newton’s law1
first Newton’s law

I zasada dynamiki Newtona

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trajectory1
trajectory

tor ruchu

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uniform motion1
uniform motion

ruch jednostajny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: uniform motion
inertial of bodies1
inertial of bodies

bezwładność ciał

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wymowa w języku angielskim: inertial of bodies
inertial reference frame1
inertial reference frame

układ inercjalny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: inertial reference frame
non‑inertial reference frame1
non‑inertial reference frame

układ nieinercjalny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: non‑inertial reference frame
balancing of forces1
balancing of forces

równoważenie się sił

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wymowa w języku angielskim: balancing of forces
complex motion1
complex motion

ruch złożony

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wymowa w języku angielskim: complex motion
reference frame1
reference frame

układ odniesienia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: reference frame