Wróć do informacji o e-podręczniku Wydrukuj Pobierz materiał do PDF Pobierz materiał do EPUB Pobierz materiał do MOBI Zaloguj się, aby dodać do ulubionych Zaloguj się, aby skopiować i edytować materiał Zaloguj się, aby udostępnić materiał Zaloguj się, aby dodać całą stronę do teczki

Topicmb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449000663_0Topic

Nucleus and its components

Levelmb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449084556_0Level

Third

Core curriculummb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

XI. Nuclear physics. The student:

1) uses the concepts of the element, atomic nucleusnucleusnucleus, isotopeisotopeisotope, proton, neutron, electron, to describe the composition of matter; describes the composition of the atomic nucleus on the basis of mass and atomic numbers.

Timingmb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesmb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Describes the basic structurestructurestructure of the nucleusnucleusnucleus.

Key competencesmb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Explains what the fundamental constituents of matter are.

2. Describes the composition of the atomic nucleus on the basis of mass and atomic numbers.

Operational (detailed) goalsmb55e3f5f493af03a_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- uses the concepts of the element, atomic nucleus, isotope, proton, neutron, electron to describe the composition of matter,

- explains what the atomic numberatomic numberatomic number and mass numbers are.

Methodsmb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion.

2. Text analysis.

Forms of workmb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionmb55e3f5f493af03a_1528450127855_0Introduction

Revision. The teacher gives an input for discussion by asking questions. The students summarize the results of discussion on the board.

What is matter made of? What is the smallest indivisible particle of matter?

Proceduremb55e3f5f493af03a_1528446435040_0Procedure

The teacher introduces the basic concepts of nucleus and its constituents.

StructurestructureStructure of an atom:
An atom is a piece of matter that uniquely defines an element. Atoms have very complex structure.
Almost all of the mass of an atom is concentrated within a tiny and extremely dense nucleus which carries a positive electric charge. The value of this charge is known as the atomic number of the element.
The empty space around the nucleus is occupied by electrons carrying negative electric charge of 1.6022 · 10Indeks górny -19 C. This charge is called an elementary charge. The mass of an electron is extremely small and is 9.109390 · 10Indeks górny -31 kg. Electrons behave as quantum particles and that means that its location at any moment cannot be determined. Instead of electrons location we speak of the probability of founding an electron in an atom space. The atom radius is a measure of the size of the atom and usually is the mean distance from the centre of nucleus to the boundary in which the electron can be found with 95% probability. Atomic radii are typically 30‑300 pm.
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1527752263647_0An atom is a piece of matter that uniquely defines an element. Atoms have very complex structure.
Almost all of the mass of an atom is concentrated within a tiny and extremely dense nucleus which carries a positive electric charge. The value of this charge is known as the atomic number of the element.
The empty space around the nucleus is occupied by electrons carrying negative electric charge of 1.6022 · 10Indeks górny -19 C. This charge is called an elementary charge. The mass of an electron is extremely small and is 9.109390 · 10Indeks górny -31 kg. Electrons behave as quantum particles and that means that its location at any moment cannot be determined. Instead of electrons location we speak of the probability of founding an electron in an atom space. The atom radius is a measure of the size of the atom and usually is the mean distance from the centre of nucleus to the boundary in which the electron can be found with 95% probability. Atomic radii are typically 30‑300 pm.

[Interactive graphics]

NucleusnucleusNucleus:
The nucleus is composed of two types of particles: protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged and their charge is exactly the same as the value of the electron charge, but of opposite sign. In every electrically neutral atom the number of protons and electrons is equal.
Mass of proton is 1.6726 · 10Indeks górny -27 kg. Proton is 1837 times heavier than electron.
Neutron has no charge. Its mass is almost the same as that of proton: 1.674929 · 10Indeks górny -27 kg. Most nuclei contain roughly equal numbers of neutrons and protons.
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1527752256679_0The nucleus is composed of two types of particles: protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged and their charge is exactly the same as the value of the electron charge, but of opposite sign. In every electrically neutral atom the number of protons and electrons is equal.
Mass of proton is 1.6726 · 10Indeks górny -27 kg. Proton is 1837 times heavier than electron.
Neutron has no charge. Its mass is almost the same as that of proton: 1.674929 · 10Indeks górny -27 kg. Most nuclei contain roughly equal numbers of neutrons and protons.

Quarks:
quarkquarkquark is an elementary particle, that is the smallest indivisible particle of matter. Protons and neutrons are composed of quarks. There are six quarks and they are considered in terms of three pairs: up/down, charm/strange, and top/bottom. Protons are made of two up and one down quarkquarkquark. The neutron is made of two down and one up quark. The up quarks have a charge of +23 of the elementary charge, and the down quarks have a charge of  -13 of the elementary charge.

[Illustration 1]

[Illustration 2]

[Illustration 3]

The students work individually.

Task 1

Label the parts of the atom shown in the picture below.

[Illustration 4]

The teacher introduces parameters describing nucleusnucleusnucleus.

Atomic Numberatomic numberAtomic Number (Z):
The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number and is denoted by the symbol Z. The Z protons within the nucleus correspond to the Z electrons in outer part of an atom.

Mass Numbermass numberMass Number (A):
The sum of the number of protons and the neutrons in the nucleus is called the mass number. It is represented by the symbol A:

A=Z+N

where: 
Z - the number of protons, 
N - the number of neutrons.

If an element is denoted by X, then the following notation is in use:

XZA

If the mass numbermass numbermass number and atomic numberatomic numberatomic number of an element is known, it is very easy to calculate the number of neutrons in nuclei.

In some notation only mass number occurs:

XA

[Illustration 5]

Different styles of the atomic structurestructurestructure notation for oxygen: (from left) the periodic table; mass number and atomic numberatomic numberatomic number are shown; only mass number is shown.

Isotopes:
Nuclides are atomic nuclei with a certain atomic number Z and the mass numbermass numbermass number A. Two nuclides with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are known as isotopes.

More than 300 nuclides are found naturally on Earth.

Some examples of isotopes:

- The simplest element - hydrogen – has two heavy isotopes, called deuterium and tritium. They have own symbols: D (deuterium) and T (tritium).

- Carbon occurs mainly as C12. IsotopeisotopeIsotope C13 is a little more than 1%. All other carbon isotopes are radioactive.

[Illustration 6]

[Illustration 7]

The students work individually and compare the correctness of their results working in small groups.

Task 2

Answer the following questions:

1. What part of the atom has no charge?
2. What is the relation between the number of protons and electrons in an atom?
3. What are the constituents of proton and neutron?
4. What determines the mass numbermass numbermass number?

Task 3

1. Draw five protons in the nucleusnucleusnucleus of the atom. Mark their charge with the appropriate symbol.
2. Draw six neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
3. Draw two electrons in the first energy level. Mark their charge with the appropriate symbol.
4. Draw three electrons in the second energy level. Mark their charge with the appropriate symbol.
5. What element is represented by the diagram?

Answer:
Boron.

Lesson summarymb55e3f5f493af03a_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

nucleusnucleusnucleus consists of protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are made up of quarks. Every nuclidenuclidenuclide is characterised by mass number and atomic numberatomic numberatomic number. Two nuclides with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are known as isotopes.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

nucleusnucleusnucleus

structurestructurestructure

constituentconstituentconstituent

atomic numberatomic numberatomic number

mass numbermass numbermass number

quarkquarkquark

isotopeisotopeisotope

atom radiusatom radiusatom radius

probabilityprobabilityprobability

nuclidenuclidenuclide

mb55e3f5f493af03a_1527752263647_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1527752256679_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449000663_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449084556_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449076687_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449068082_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449523725_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449552113_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528450430307_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449534267_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528449514617_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528450127855_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528446435040_0
mb55e3f5f493af03a_1528450119332_0
nucleus1
nucleus

jądro

R8APKNHZBBktf1
wymowa w języku angielskim: nucleus
isotope1
isotope

izotop

R1SOUnIFsQCKt1
wymowa w języku angielskim: isotope
structure1
structure

struktura

RAaTiCKvLCAot1
wymowa w języku angielskim: structure
atomic number1
atomic number

liczba atomowa

RtcPpqekrLRfv1
wymowa w języku angielskim: atomic number
quark1
quark

kwark

R1aNH68WyfOnz1
wymowa w języku angielskim: quark
mass number1
mass number

liczba masowa

R1FFiGTzATMMz1
wymowa w języku angielskim: mass number
nuclide1
nuclide

nuklid

RlS1ydPSnOJha1
wymowa w języku angielskim: nuclide
constituent1
constituent

składnik

RlGjgljsl76de1
wymowa w języku angielskim: constituent
atom radius1
atom radius

promień atomu

RvMqhXxShjZl51
wymowa w języku angielskim: atom radius
probability1
probability

prawdopodobieństwo

Rss5VGVDwNErk1
wymowa w języku angielskim: probability