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Topicm032ca076b47fe313_1528449000663_0Topic

Space flights

Levelm032ca076b47fe313_1528449084556_0Level

Third

Core curriculumm032ca076b47fe313_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

III. Gravity and elements of astronomy. The student:

2) indicates the force of gravity as the centripetal force in the circular orbit motion, calculates the value of the velocity in a circular orbit with any radius; discusses the movement of satellites around the Earth.

Timingm032ca076b47fe313_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm032ca076b47fe313_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Specifies various use of Earth's artificial satellites.

Key competencesm032ca076b47fe313_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Describes the purpose of space stations.

2. Describes the research possibilities offered by the use of satellites and space probes.

Operational (detailed) goalsm032ca076b47fe313_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- discusses the movement of satellites around the earth,

- explains the benefits of using satellites and space probes.

Methodsm032ca076b47fe313_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion.

2. Text analysis.

Forms of workm032ca076b47fe313_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionm032ca076b47fe313_1528450127855_0Introduction

Students discuss exploration of the outer space.

What are the benefits of space flights?

Procedurem032ca076b47fe313_1528446435040_0Procedure

For hundreds of years, people have dreamed of extra‑terrestrial travel. It was not until the mid‑20Indeks górny th century that these dreams were realized. The first object to reach the Earth's orbit was the Soviet Sputnik 1, which was launched on October 4, 1957 and circled Earth for 92 days and then destroyed. This event began an intensive exploration of outer space.

Artificial satellites revolve around the Earth in orbits at different altitudes.

Definition:
low Earth orbitlow Earth orbitlow Earth orbit - is an orbit at an altitude of 200‑2000 km from the Earth's surfacesurfacesurface.

Definition:
Medium Earth orbit - this term is defined as the space between a low Earth orbitlow Earth orbitlow Earth orbit and a geostationary orbit. This orbit is mainly used by navigational satellites.

Definition:
Geostationary orbit - is a circular orbit located in the plane of the Earth's equator. It is located at an altitude of 35786 km from the Earth's equator, and the body speed in this orbit is 3,08 kms. The period in this orbit is 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds (this time corresponds to the stellar day), which means that the body is always in a fixed position above the chosen point of the Earth's equator.m032ca076b47fe313_1527752256679_0Geostationary orbit - is a circular orbit located in the plane of the Earth's equator. It is located at an altitude of 35786 km from the Earth's equator, and the body speed in this orbit is 3,08 kms. The period in this orbit is 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds (this time corresponds to the stellar day), which means that the body is always in a fixed position above the chosen point of the Earth's equator.

[Interactive graphics]

Currently, there are hundreds of objects in space that serve research and utilitarian purposes.

Telecommunications satellites:

The telecommunications satellite enables tele‑transmission of radio and television signals. The task of such a satellite is to receive a signal from a ground station, amplify it and send it back to Earth. Almost all satellites of this type revolve on a geostationary orbit, which ensures them to maintain a fixed position over a given point on the Earth's equator.

Navigational satellites:

The navigational satellite emits radio signals that are used to determine the position of objects on the surface of the Earth. They allow to measure latitude and longitude, altitude above sea level, and speed of movement of the object. The navigational satellites revolve about 20000 km above the Earth's surfacesurfacesurface.

The most popular is the American GPS system (Global Positioning System). Simultaneously operates the Russian GLONASS system.

In 2020, the European GALILEO system will achieve full functionality.

These systems cover the entire Earth.

The Chinese BeiDou system, which is also expected to achieve full operational capacity in 2020, covers China and neighbouring countries.

Navigation systems are used for military and civilian purposes; they can be used by the owners not only of special receivers, but also of smartphones.

The following figure shows the characteristic quantities, and their values, describing the movement of the satellites, such as the period of circulation, the radius of the orbit, the speed at which the satellite moves in a given orbit, the altitude above the sea level on which the satellite is located.

[Illustration 1]

Satellites and scientific probes:

In addition to navigational satellites, there are other satellites in space, such as meteorological, research, space telescopes. These satellites are at different altitudes and revolve around the Earth with different speeds.

Hubble telescope:

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was elevated to a low Earth orbitlow Earth orbitlow Earth orbit in 1990. It revolves around the Earth in less than 97 minutes. It was created thanks to the cooperation of two astronomical agencies - American NASA and European ESA. The Hubble telescope provides interesting research material for astronomers.

Chandra telescope:

The Chandra space telescope was launched in 1999. This telescope records X‑ray sources - this radiation allows the observation of white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes.

The mission time of the satellite, initially anticipated for five years, has been extended, and the telescope, after 18 years of use, still provides a lot of important information.

Spitzer telescope:

The range of infrared radiation is examined using the Spitzer space telescope. This telescope was placed in orbit around the Sun in 2003 and has remained there until now. He moves in the same orbit as the Earth - he follows it at some distance.

Webb telescope:

The Webb telescope is currently under construction and the date of its launch has been delayed several times and is expected to be 2021. It will move in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. Webb telescope will be used for infrared radiation research.

[Illustration 2]

Space stations:

On space stations not only scientific experiments in various fields of physics and astronomy are performed. Research related to the specific conditions prevailing at the station, namely the state of weightlessnessweightlessnessweightlessness, is equally important. These are, for example, the study of the crystallization of bodies in this state (there is no convection) and the effect of weightlessness on the human body.

Mir station:

In the years 1986‑2001, the Soviet station Mir („Peace”) acted as a research space station. It was expanded by adding further modules until 1996. As a result of the expansion, the mass of the station reached over 130 tons. For over a dozen years, there were 137 astronauts from many countries who conducted thousands of scientific experiments and gained invaluable experience related to the reaction of the human body to a long‑term stay in the state of weightlessnessweightlessnessweightlessness.

ISS station:

The International Space Station (ISS) became the successor of the Mir station. This is the first space station built with the cooperation of many countries. It allows six permanent crew members to stay at the same time. The first station modules were launched into the orbit and connected to each other in 1998. The first permanent crew started to live on it in 2000.

The ISS station, like the previous

Lesson summarym032ca076b47fe313_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

Satellites, or objects circulating around the Earth, other planets or the Sun, have a variety of applications - from scientific to commercial (telecommunications, radio and television). Some satellites are intended for military or intelligence purposes. Satellites allow observation of phenomena not available from the surface of the Earth or the collection of experiences related to the long stay in a state of weightlessness.m032ca076b47fe313_1527752263647_0Satellites, or objects circulating around the Earth, other planets or the Sun, have a variety of applications - from scientific to commercial (telecommunications, radio and television). Some satellites are intended for military or intelligence purposes. Satellites allow observation of phenomena not available from the surface of the Earth or the collection of experiences related to the long stay in a state of weightlessness.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

artificial satelliteartificial satelliteartificial satellite

geostationary satellitesgeostationary satellitesgeostationary satellites

geosynchronous orbitgeosynchronous orbitgeosynchronous orbit

low Earth orbitlow Earth orbitlow Earth orbit

research stationresearch stationresearch station

scientific probescientific probescientific probe

surfacesurfacesurface

weightlessnessweightlessnessweightlessness

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low Earth orbit1
low Earth orbit

niska orbita okołoziemska

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wymowa w języku angielskim: low Earth orbit
surface1
surface

powierzchnia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: surface
weightlessness1
weightlessness

nieważkość

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wymowa w języku angielskim: weightlessness
artificial satellite1
artificial satellite

sztuczny satelita

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wymowa w języku angielskim: artificial satellite
geostationary satellites1
geostationary satellites

satelita geostacjonarny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: geostationary satellites
geosynchronous orbit1
geosynchronous orbit

orbita geostacjonarna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: geosynchronous orbit
research station1
research station

stacja badawcza

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wymowa w języku angielskim: research station
scientific probe1
scientific probe

sonda badawcza

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wymowa w języku angielskim: scientific probe