Topicmb6dd54622959f4a2_1528449000663_0Topic

The structure of the hydrogen atom. Ground state and excited states

Levelmb6dd54622959f4a2_1528449084556_0Level

Third

Core curriculummb6dd54622959f4a2_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

XI. Atomic physics. The student:

4) interprets spectral lines as a result of transitions between energy levels in atoms with the emission or absorption of a quantum of light; distinguishes between the ground stateground stateground state and excited states of the atom.

Timingmb6dd54622959f4a2_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesmb6dd54622959f4a2_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Explains Bohr's ideas of quantized energy levelsquantized energy levelsquantized energy levels.

Key competencesmb6dd54622959f4a2_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Distinguishes between the ground stateground stateground state and excited states of the atom.

2. Describes the emissionemissionemission and absorptionabsorptionabsorption spectra of the hydrogen atomhydrogen atomhydrogen atom.

Operational (detailed) goalsmb6dd54622959f4a2_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- describes the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom,

- explains the emission and absorption spectra of the hydrogen atom.

Methodsmb6dd54622959f4a2_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion.

2. Text analysis.

Forms of workmb6dd54622959f4a2_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionmb6dd54622959f4a2_1528450127855_0Introduction

The students present the gathered knowledge about the historical models of an atom. They prepare together the timeline of discoveries important to the development of the atom model.

How has the atom model developed in time?

Proceduremb6dd54622959f4a2_1528446435040_0Procedure

The students remind the properties of emissionemissionemission and absorptionabsorptionabsorption spectra.

Task 1

Remind how the atomic emission and absorption spectra look like?

The teacher introduces the concept of the model of hydrogen atomhydrogen atomhydrogen atom.

Every atom has its own characteristic spectrum. The spectral lines can be used as “fingerprint” to identify the element.

The hydrogen emission spectrum, known as Balmer series, consists of four lines in the visible light range, accompanied by spectral lines with wavelengths smaller than 400 nm.

[Illustration 1]

Niels Bohr in 1913 proposed that all atomic spectral lines arise from transitions between discrete energy levels, giving a photon with an energy:

ΔE=EnEk=h·ν=h·cλ

where: 
n and k - are numbers of the orbits, 
h - is Planck’s constant,
ν and λ - are the frequency and wavelength associated with the emitted photon,
c - is the speed of light.

In his model of the hydrogen atomhydrogen atomhydrogen atom, an electron is moving around the nucleus following fixed orbits, called stationary states. The sizes of the orbits and the electron’s energy in a given orbit are restricted. In this model the energy of the classical electron orbit with the quantisation of angular momentum was combined and yielded expressions which described orbit radii and corresponding energies.

[Interactive graphics]

The allowed radii for electrons in circular orbits of the hydrogen atom are then given by:

rn=n2·r0

where: 
rIndeks dolny 0 - is known as Bohr radius:

r0=h24·π2·k·m·e2=5,291011m

where:
n = 1, 2, 3, ... - is called the principal quantum number,
h – Planck’s constant,
k – Coulomb’s constant,
m – electron mass,
e - electron charge.

The total energy of hydrogen atomhydrogen atomhydrogen atom is expressed as:

En=-An2

where:

A=k·e22r0

The sign of energy is negative, what means that electrons are bound in the atom.

The students solve simple problems.

Task 2

The electron has the least energy when n = 1 which corresponds to the first Bohr orbit. This lowest energy state is called the ground stateground stateground state. Calculate the electron energy on this orbit.

Answer:

E1=13,6eV.

Definition:

Ground state – the lowest energy state of an atom. All other states are called excited states.

Bohr’s theory successfully explained the origin of hydrogen atomic spectrum. When the hydrogen atom absorbs energy, the electron is raised from the ground state (n = 1) to a higher orbit. Then, the electron returns to a lower orbit and emits the energy. The energy difference between given states is always the same, then the frequency of emitted light is also the same and form characteristic spectrum.mb6dd54622959f4a2_1527752256679_0Bohr’s theory successfully explained the origin of hydrogen atomic spectrum. When the hydrogen atom absorbs energy, the electron is raised from the ground state (n = 1) to a higher orbit. Then, the electron returns to a lower orbit and emits the energy. The energy difference between given states is always the same, then the frequency of emitted light is also the same and form characteristic spectrum.

[Illustration 2]

Lesson summarymb6dd54622959f4a2_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

The Bohr model was an important first step in the development of quantum mechanics. It introduced the quantization of atomic energy levels and gave agreement with the data obtained experimentally - by observation and analysis of spectral lines.mb6dd54622959f4a2_1527752263647_0The Bohr model was an important first step in the development of quantum mechanics. It introduced the quantization of atomic energy levels and gave agreement with the data obtained experimentally - by observation and analysis of spectral lines.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

ground stateground stateground state

excited stateexcited stateexcited state

emissionemissionemission

absorptionabsorptionabsorption

spectral linespectral linespectral line

hydrogen atomhydrogen atomhydrogen atom

quantized energy levelsquantized energy levelsquantized energy levels

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ground state1
ground state

stan podstawowy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: ground state
quantized energy levels1
quantized energy levels

dyskretne poziomy energii

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wymowa w języku angielskim: quantized energy levels
emission1
emission

emisja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: emission
absorption1
absorption

absorbcja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: absorption
hydrogen atom1
hydrogen atom

atom wodoru

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wymowa w języku angielskim: hydrogen atom
excited state1
excited state

stan wzbudzony

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wymowa w języku angielskim: excited state
spectral line1
spectral line

linia widmowa

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wymowa w języku angielskim: spectral line