Women’s movement in Poland 1819 Klementyna Hoffmanowa from the family of Tański The history of the Polish feminism starts usually with Klementyna Hoffmanowa. Due to the fact that she was an independent woman, working for a living only as a writer and teacher, which was rare at the time. But was she a feminist?She was promoting education among girls, but in her work she supported the traditional division of roles. She debuted in 1819 with a pedagogical treaty entitled Memento of a Good Mother, and regularly wrote to the magazine “Evening Entertainments”. In 1825, she was appointed an inspector of finishing schools and other schools for women in Warsaw. A year later (1826), she become a lecturer in the study of manners at the newly established National Institute for Education of Women., 1838 Narcyza Żmichowska The real revolution was made by the students of Klementyna Hoffmanowa from the family of Tański, mainly Narcyza Żmichowska. After graduating from the Warsaw Governesses’ Institute, she was employed as a home teacher by the family of Zamoyski in Paris. There she came across a democratic movement and soaked in the ideas of the first wave of feminism, because of which she was, after all, fired. She returned to Poland in a changed form. She engaged in educational and public activities (she was even imprisoned for some time), she was shocking with the "male lifestyle” (smoking cigars, horse riding). She brought together a group of supporters who created an informal group called "Entuzjastki". They aimed to increase the participation of women in public life, equalise access to education and promote the ideals of self-fulfilment and economic independence. Women from “Entuzjastki” group expressed their views in public debates and in opinion-forming magazines: “Pierwiosnek” (1838-1843), “Pielgrzym” (1842-1846) and “Przegląd Naukowy”. (1842-1848), 1908 Maria Dulębianka Among the many demands of the emancipation movement in the era of partitions, two came to the fore - political rights and universal access to education. The most famous speech was made in 1908 when Maria Dulębianka, a private friend/partner of Maria Konopnicka, took part in the elections to the Galicia Sejm. She won more than four hundred votes (male, of course), which was a good result, but her candidacy was rejected "for formal reasons". Polish suffragettes were not imprisoned and beaten like, for example, their British colleagues, but many people were reluctant towards their slogans or mocked them. The press started publishing rough caricatures or comments. They were criticised for dealing with matters so insignificant when an entire nation was enslaved. "Is a woman standing outside her nation?” - Dulębianka retorted them., 1907 Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit One of the most important figures of the women's movement in the early 20th century. She was the founder of the Związek Równouprawnienia Kobiet Polskich [Union for the Equal Rights of Polish Women] in 1907 and the editor-in-chief of the "Ster" magazine. The magazine was a platform of the Polish women's movement "Ster" and was intended for the exchange of information between emancipated women dispersed within the boundaries of the three partitions. Not only fervent journalistic texts were included, there was also a literary corner where Orzeszkowa, Konopnicka and Żeromski published, as well as Ludwika Ćwierczakiewiczowa, the author of widely sought-after cookbooks and guides for housewives., 1897 Kazimiera Bujwidowa Also Kazimiera Bujwidowa was indefatigable in the struggle for women's access to higher education - she was a founder of the first female junior high school in Poland where it was possible to pass secondary school final examinations (matura), and the initiator of the campaign for women consisting in sending applications for admission to the Jagiellonian University. The action resulted in the admission of the first female students in the history of the university in 1897.