Physics is a natural science that studies the properties and transformations of matter and energy, as well as the interactions between them.
Physics answers questions such as: Why is the sky blue? How do magnets attract? Should you be afraid of electricity? What is bigger: hectolitre or cubic meter? How to measure the distance to the stars? ... and many others.
Physics research objects may be both creatures and living organisms.
Pen housing is made of plastic, which is an organic polymer. The ink is a mixture of organic substances. The tip of the ballpoint pen is made of metal.
a) The sheet of paper is a solid. You can measure its length and width. To measure its thickness, a ruler is not enough. Other, more accurate measuring instruments would be needed, for example micrometer screw. Or maybe you have an idea how to determine its thickness differently? The brick is also a solid body. We can measure its length, width and height. Using the weight with the appropriate accuracy, we can also determine the mass of these bodies. These bodies differ in the substance from which they were built.
b) The sheet of paper: length, width, mass, type of substance from which it was made. The brick: length, width, height, mass, type of substance from which it was made.
c) The sheet of paper: surface (as a product of length and width). The brick: volume (product of length, width and height), surface of side walls.
A common system of units of measurement was adopted in 1960 at the 11th General Conference of Weights and Measures in Paris under the name of the International System of Units, abbreviated S.I. (from the French Le Système International d’Unités).
Poland adopted this system of units in 1966. It is adopted in the vast majority of countries around the world. The exceptions are the United States of America and Burma and Liberia.
Units of this system were divided into basic and derived.
The measurement of a physical quantity consists in determining a numerical value determining a given quantity and giving its unit.
It is therefore insufficient to provide only the numerical result of the measurement.
The measurement can be direct or indirect.
You certainly know that the unit of length is a meter. Initially, it was defined as 1/10000000 part of the meridian, and the master's pattern was made in the form of a platinum‑iridium rail and stored in Sèvres, France, not far from Paris. After about 100 years of recognizing it as a model, it turned out that the meridian was badly measured and the one‑meter pattern had to be re‑determined. After 70 years it turned out, however, that the substance from which the new model was made changes its properties, which also changes its length. In the second half of the twentieth century, an abstract definition of one meter from the borderline of mathematics and physics was formulated. However, the explanation of this pattern is complicated.
Measure the length and width of one book. Measurements should be made with the same and different lines. Compare your results. Are all the results obtained the same?
The measurement uncertainty is characterized by the dispersion of the measurement results, which can be reasonably assigned to the measured value.
Due to the existence of inaccuracies of measuring instruments but also the limited methods of reading the result by man in physics, there is the concept of measurement uncertainty, which may result from:
the accuracy of the measuring instruments used (using a scales to determine the human body weight, we do not weigh e.g. the bird feather or the tablet),
properties of the physical body being examined (e.g. the bench has no sharp edges and therefore it is difficult to measure its length),
limited precision of the person making the measurement (human error),
non‑adjustment of the measuring instrument (e.g. paper thickness using a ruler).
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Ilustracja interaktywna przedstawia trzy rodzaje błędów występujących w pomiarach. Narysowane są trzy osie, każda podzielona na 8 odcinków jednostkowych i oznaczona numerami od 1 do 3. 1 - na pierwszej osi, w połowie piątego odcinka jednostkowego od lewej, widnieje zaznaczony zielony punkt z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym 0 - true value, w ósmym odcinku jednostkowym przedstawione jest wiele nachodzących na siebie pomarańczowych punktów, z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym i - measurement results. 2 - na drugiej osi, w połowie piątego odcinka jednostkowego od lewej, widnieje zaznaczony zielony punkt z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym 0 - true value, w czwartym, piątym i szóstym odcinku jednostkowym przedstawione jest kilka grup nachodzących na siebie pomarańczowych punktów, z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym i - measurement results. 3 - na trzeciej osi, w połowie piątego odcinka jednostkowego od lewej, widnieje zaznaczony zielony punkt z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym 0 - true value, w pierwszym jedna grupa oraz czwartym, piątym i szóstym odcinku jednostkowym przedstawione jest kilka grup nachodzących na siebie pomarańczowych punktów, z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym i - measurement results. Na numerach widoczne są podpisy. 1. systematic error {audio}, 2. random error {audio}, 3. gross error {audio}.
Ilustracja interaktywna przedstawia trzy rodzaje błędów występujących w pomiarach. Narysowane są trzy osie, każda podzielona na 8 odcinków jednostkowych i oznaczona numerami od 1 do 3. 1 - na pierwszej osi, w połowie piątego odcinka jednostkowego od lewej, widnieje zaznaczony zielony punkt z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym 0 - true value, w ósmym odcinku jednostkowym przedstawione jest wiele nachodzących na siebie pomarańczowych punktów, z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym i - measurement results. 2 - na drugiej osi, w połowie piątego odcinka jednostkowego od lewej, widnieje zaznaczony zielony punkt z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym 0 - true value, w czwartym, piątym i szóstym odcinku jednostkowym przedstawione jest kilka grup nachodzących na siebie pomarańczowych punktów, z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym i - measurement results. 3 - na trzeciej osi, w połowie piątego odcinka jednostkowego od lewej, widnieje zaznaczony zielony punkt z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym 0 - true value, w pierwszym jedna grupa oraz czwartym, piątym i szóstym odcinku jednostkowym przedstawione jest kilka grup nachodzących na siebie pomarańczowych punktów, z podpisem x z indeksem dolnym i - measurement results. Na numerach widoczne są podpisy. 1. systematic error {audio}, 2. random error {audio}, 3. gross error {audio}.
Systematic error - measurements of the quantity are systematically away from the true value. Most likely, this is the result of a measuring device defect or a wrong theoretical assumption.
Random error - impossible to avoid, associated with limited precision of measuring instruments or randomness of factors affecting the measurement.
Gross error - a simple mistake while taking a measurement. If we only carry out a series of measurements, the gross error is easy to detect - clear deviations from the norm.
a) The object being the subject of physics study will be called the physical bodyphysical bodyphysical body or, in short, the body.
b) Physical bodies are always built of some matter - we will call this matter a substancesubstancesubstance.
c) In addition, physical bodies and substances undergo certain processes, something happens to them, something changes. Such processes are called physical phenomena.
d) The use of a common system of measurements worldwide, whose name is: International System of Units, abbreviated S.I. allows you to compare measurement results.
Exercises
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Exercise 4
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Assign the following names of bodies, substances, physical quantities and physical phenomena to the appropriate collections: physical body Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. water freezing, 2. distance, 3. volume, 4. water, 5. air, 6. shining of a bulb, 7. temperatur, 8. dog, 9. cup, 10. time, 11. sand, 12. Moon, 13. steel, 14. cooling, 15. drop of water, 16. running physical quantity Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. water freezing, 2. distance, 3. volume, 4. water, 5. air, 6. shining of a bulb, 7. temperatur, 8. dog, 9. cup, 10. time, 11. sand, 12. Moon, 13. steel, 14. cooling, 15. drop of water, 16. running substance Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. water freezing, 2. distance, 3. volume, 4. water, 5. air, 6. shining of a bulb, 7. temperatur, 8. dog, 9. cup, 10. time, 11. sand, 12. Moon, 13. steel, 14. cooling, 15. drop of water, 16. running phenomenon Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. water freezing, 2. distance, 3. volume, 4. water, 5. air, 6. shining of a bulb, 7. temperatur, 8. dog, 9. cup, 10. time, 11. sand, 12. Moon, 13. steel, 14. cooling, 15. drop of water, 16. running
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Assign the following names of bodies, substances, physical quantities and physical phenomena to the appropriate collections: physical body Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. water freezing, 2. distance, 3. volume, 4. water, 5. air, 6. shining of a bulb, 7. temperatur, 8. dog, 9. cup, 10. time, 11. sand, 12. Moon, 13. steel, 14. cooling, 15. drop of water, 16. running physical quantity Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. water freezing, 2. distance, 3. volume, 4. water, 5. air, 6. shining of a bulb, 7. temperatur, 8. dog, 9. cup, 10. time, 11. sand, 12. Moon, 13. steel, 14. cooling, 15. drop of water, 16. running substance Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. water freezing, 2. distance, 3. volume, 4. water, 5. air, 6. shining of a bulb, 7. temperatur, 8. dog, 9. cup, 10. time, 11. sand, 12. Moon, 13. steel, 14. cooling, 15. drop of water, 16. running phenomenon Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. water freezing, 2. distance, 3. volume, 4. water, 5. air, 6. shining of a bulb, 7. temperatur, 8. dog, 9. cup, 10. time, 11. sand, 12. Moon, 13. steel, 14. cooling, 15. drop of water, 16. running
Assign the following names of bodies, substances, physical quantities and physical phenomena to the appropriate collections:
water, running, sand, shining of a bulb, time, dog, drop of water, volume, cup, temperatur, steel, distance, Moon, cooling, air, water freezing
physical body
physical quantity
substance
phenomenon
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Exercise 5
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Match the name of the physical quantity to the given unit in the S.I. system or its multiple: mass Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre temperature Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre volume Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre time Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre surface area Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre velocity Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre electric current Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre density Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre length Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Match the name of the physical quantity to the given unit in the S.I. system or its multiple: mass Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre temperature Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre volume Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre time Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre surface area Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre velocity Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre electric current Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre density Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre length Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ampere, 2. metre per second, 3. Kelvin, 4. cubic metre, 5. square centimetre, 6. second, 7. kilogram, 8. metre, 9. kilogram per cubic metre
Match the name of the physical quantity to the given unit in the S.I. system or its multiple:
metre per second, kilogram per cubic metre, second, metre, kilogram, Kelvin, square centimetre, ampere, cubic metre
mass
temperature
volume
time
surface area
velocity
electric current
density
length
Exercise 6
Explain in English in what situation you use the word Earth and in what ground. What name - Earth or ground - can be combined with the concept of the body and which with the concept of substance. Give names of two physical quantities with the help of which you can describe the characteristics of the Earth.
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Exercise 7
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. długość - length, 2. liczność substancji - amount of substance, 3. masa - mass, 4. substancja - substance, 5. wielkość fizyczna - physical body, 6. ciało fizyczne - physical quantity
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. długość - length, 2. liczność substancji - amount of substance, 3. masa - mass, 4. substancja - substance, 5. wielkość fizyczna - physical body, 6. ciało fizyczne - physical quantity
Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly.
