RyL61FbBBVpMt

Molecular structure and physical properties of gases

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Budowa cząsteczkowa i właściwości fizyczne gazów

You will learn
  • the physical properties of gases using English vocabulary,

  • to describe the molecular structure and properties of gases in English.

Exercise 1
R1UjGic8DX1Ow1
nagranie abstraktu

Answer the questions.

a) Provide characteristics of gases.
b) Are there any intermolecular interactions in gases?
c) What will the strength of these interactions depend on?
d) What is the strength of intermolecular interactions in gases in relation to intermolecular interactions in liquids or solids?

Exercise 2
RL7RxUPdrRpZI1
nagranie abstraktu

You have at your disposal:

a) balloon,
b) effervescent tablet,
c) a narrow test tube filled with water.

Using only the items above, suggest the sequence of the action that must be performed to show that the gases take up the volume of the vessel they are in.

Exercise 3
RrTMcaJhZ0o7w1
nagranie abstraktu

Answer the questions.

a) In an inflated balloon, do gases only occupy a specific part of the balloon volumevolumevolume?
b) What examples do you know which demonstrates that gases fill the entire volume available to them?

Task 1
RHITSt6mmaapa1
nagranie abstraktu

Watch slideshows „Gas expansion - tire” and „Gas expansionexpansionexpansion - balloon” where you can see experiment related to gas expansion.

Please note that increasing the volumevolumevolume occupied by gas is not related to increasing the total amount of gas molecules in the tank.

R1eya8WaD1hbk
Pokaz slajdów - rozprężanie gazu. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Gas expansion - tire
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
R1AyCvT41Krxl
Pokaz slajdów - rozszerzalność gazu, balonik. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Gas expansion - ballon
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Conclusions
RiIXGYp8wQ2xU1
nagranie abstraktu

a) The gases can expand, it was evident in the experiment with the expansion of air from the inflated tire to the pump cylinder or to the bicycle tire.
b) The reason for the fact that the inflated balloon placed in the air retains its shape is to balance the interaction of molecules inside the balloon by the interaction of the air molecules on the balloon walls.
c) Reducing the amount of air molecules as a result of pumping out with a vacuum pumpvacuum pumpvacuum pump causes the pressure exerted by the air molecules on the outer surface of the balloon to decrease. Thanks to this the balloon expands.

The air pressurepressurepressure depends on the concentration of air molecules.

Expansion of gas
Experiment 1
Research problem
RpPV4pARbQl3B1
nagranie abstraktu

Which phenomenon is accompanied by rapid gas expansion.

Hypothesis
RLlFk79nnTNXj1
nagranie abstraktu

The expansionexpansionexpansion of the gas causes a reduction in the concentration of particles, which in effect may reduce not only the pressure, but also the temperature of the gas.

You will need
RJkK1rAhZBP3D1
nagranie abstraktu

a) small glass mirror,
b) deodorant in a pressure container.

Instruction
R1DGcd9UGIQ041
nagranie abstraktu

1. Bring the deodorant valve close to the mirror and empty the deodorant towards the mirror for a few seconds.
2. Observe the condensation of water on the mirror.

Summary
R2Df3FDXpmreO1
nagranie abstraktu

Observation

As a result of cooling caused by the stream of expanding gas coming out of the deodorant valve, the mirror is covered with a mist of condensation from the air.

Conclusion

The expansion of gas is often accompanied by a decrease in its temperature, which is most clearly visible when this process occurs rapidly.

Exercise 4
R1NsDU1VHVWdz1
nagranie abstraktu

Determine whether the sentences below are true or false.

a) Gas molecules exhibit large attractive and weak repulsive interactions.
b) Gases increase in volume as interactions between molecules are very weak.
c) Gases easily reduce their volume, because their molecules are far away from each other.
d) Reducing the volume of the gas tank as a result of gas compressioncompressioncompression forces causes an increase in the gas pressure in the tank.

RayU29sNJKhSZ1
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Task 2
R1IFFrD46nG7U1
nagranie abstraktu

Complete the data on the chemical composition of dry air in the table.

Air component

In molecular form

In atomic form

Percentage [%]

nitrogen

NIndeks dolny 2

oxygen

OIndeks dolny 2

argon

Ar

0,93

carbon dioxide

COIndeks dolny 2

others including neon,
helium, krypton, hydrogen,
xenon, ozone

HIndeks dolny 2, OIndeks dolny 3

Ne, He, Kr, Xe

0,01

Summary
R2gw5sswPFSSP
nagranie abstraktu
  • Molecules in gases interact weakly between themselves, their motion is chaotic and takes place in the entire available space.

  • Gas molecules completely fill the volumevolumevolume of the vessel, regardless of its shape. During the movement, they collide with each other and „bombard” the walls of the container.

  • The most widespread gas in nature is air. Dry air is a mixture of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The remaining 1% of the composition are carbon dioxide and noble gases.

  • Gases have no shape - they take the shape of the vessel in which they in.

  • Gases have no specific volume - they take on the volume of the vessel they are in.

  • Gases are compressible (unlike solids and liquids).

  • ExpansionexpansionExpansion of the gas consists in increasing its volume and decreasing pressurepressurepressure.

  • The expansion of gas is often accompanied by a decrease in its temperature, which is most clearly visible when this process occurs rapidly.

  • The speed of most gas molecules at room temperature do not excieed 1000 ms.

Exercises

R1Y5MlKLCJCeX
Exercise 5
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Gases retain their own shape., 2. Diffusion occurs fastest in gases, because the particles move at high speed., 3. Molecules in gases move in a straight line., 4. The speed of most gas molecules at room temperature do not excieed 1000 ms., 5. The common feature of gases and liquids is the variable volume.
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 6

How does the gas in the balloon behave when it is heated? Explain this based on the molecular structure of the gas.

Exercise 7

Write in English what are the examples of the use of compression and expansion of gases?

Rzgs1QS44AFGz
Exercise 8
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. rozprężanie - expansion, 2. sprężanie - compression, 3. ciśnienie - pressure, 4. cząsteczka - molecule, 5. chaotyczny ruch - vessel volume, 6. objętość naczynia - chaotic motion
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
R6oSDY9MHEITG1
Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

atmospheric air
atmospheric air

powietrze atmosferyczne

Rddmp8uk9vT5G1
wymowa w języku angielskim: atmospheric air
chaotic motion
chaotic motion

chaotyczny ruch

R1X9A01fxkWQD1
wymowa w języku angielskim: chaotic motion
compression
compression

sprężanie

R1BCSYp1rAM5g1
wymowa w języku angielskim: compression
decreasing temperature
decreasing temperature

obniżenie temperatury

RUszBJeD3QAMv1
wymowa w języku angielskim: decreasing temperature
expansion
expansion

rozprężanie

RX4xNMAUxfeFH1
wymowa w języku angielskim: expansion
molecule
molecule

cząsteczka

ROEGRlhgZlEJs1
wymowa w języku angielskim: molecule
pressure
pressure

ciśnienie

R1ME6gs5szw6N1
wymowa w języku angielskim: pressure
vacuum pump
vacuum pump

pompa próżniowa

R1Z5DfxythfTx1
wymowa w języku angielskim: vacuum pump
vessel volume
vessel volume

objętość naczynia

RNniIzvVXoM5Z1
wymowa w języku angielskim: vessel volume
volume
volume

objętość

R1By8kZndCUKN1
wymowa w języku angielskim: volume

Keywords

atmospheric airatmospheric airatmospheric air

compressioncompressioncompression

expansionexpansionexpansion

moleculemoleculemolecule

pressurepressurepressure