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Natural sources of hydrocarbons

Photo by Ian Simmonds o on Unsplash.
Source: domena publiczna.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • what is the electron configuration and the position of carbon in the periodic table.

You will learn
  • what are the characteristics of hydrocarbons;

  • what are the natural sources of hydrocarbons;

  • what are applications of natural gas and crude oil;

  • which products are created using crude oil;

  • what are the risks of methane;

  • what are the types of coals;

  • where coal deposits in Poland are located.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu 

Organic compounds - hydrocarbons

In the 18th century, chemical compounds were divided into mineral compounds, i.e. those obtained from rocks and minerals (today called inorganic compounds), and organic compoundsorganic compoundsorganic compounds, i.e. produced exclusively by living organisms. It was not until the nineteenth century (in 1828) that the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler obtained the organic substance – urea in the laboratory. Urea is one of the metabolic products of humans and animals. Although the division into inorganic and organic chemistry has a historical background, it is still in use today.

Task 1

Before you watch the movie „Examination of the composition of organic substances”, write down the research question and the hypothesis. During the screening, pay attention to what happened to the rice. What does it mean? Write down the observations, conclusions and the summary of the experience.

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Wykonaj ćwiczenie zgodnie z poleceniem.
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Nagranie filmowe eksperymentu- badanie składu substancji organicznych, examination of the composition of organic substances. Będziesz potrzebować: ryż, probówka, palnik. Do probówki wsypujemy trochę ryżu. Probówkę ogrzewamy nad palnikiem. Ryż ciemnieje.

Organic compoundsorganic compoundsOrganic compounds are all chemical compounds that include carbon and atoms of other elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon and sulphur.

Inorganic carbon compounds are, for example, carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts, and others (carbides and cyanides). The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons.

HydrocarbonshydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are chemical compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Natural hydrocarbon resources

The most abundant natural sources of hydrocarbons are primarily petroleum, natural gas as well as coals. These raw materials originated from plant and animal organisms as a result of transformation (under the influence of appropriate temperature and high pressure) lasting many millions of years.

The largest documented reserves of natural gas and crude oil are in Russia (77% of gas and 23% of crude oil in resources) and Iran (60% of gas and 40% of crude oil in resources). Venezuela and Saudi Arabia have the world's largest petroleum deposits with relatively small gas resources.

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1,000 mIndeks górny 3 of gas = 6.6 barrel of crude oil

Petroleum

Crude oil is a liquid mixture of solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons as well as oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur compounds. Its composition depends on the source of origin. Crude oil mined from the deposit is in the form of a dense liquid, usually with a dark brown colour and a sharp odour.

Processing of crude oil involves its distillation. It is a method that uses the difference in the boiling points of its ingredients. As a result of the distillation of the mazut under appropriate conditions, among others, oils, petroleum asphalt, tar, petrolatum, paraffin are obtained.

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For almost half a century, Poland was a world power in the production of crude oil, then known as rock oil. In 1854, the Polish pharmacist and chemist Ignacy Łukasiewicz launched the first petroleum mine in the world in Bóbrka. People from America, Russia and the British Empire came to Podkarpacie to learn how to mine crude oil and how to distil it. In the best year of 1906 over 2 million tons of oil were mined from Polish deposits. Later their performance dropped, and richer deposits were discovered in the world.

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Natural gas

Natural gas can occur together with crude oil or black coal deposits or alone. It is a mixture of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons as well as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide and noble gases (argon, helium). The content of individual components of natural gas is variable and depends on the place of mining, however its main component is methane, constituting over 90%.

Natural gas is cleaned before being sent to recipients. It is also given an odour (so‑called odorizing) so that it can be felt in the event of a leak, for example in gas stoves.

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Wyobraź sobie, że masz okazję przeprowadzić wywiad z naukowcem - specjalistą w dziedzinie, której dotyczy abstrakt. Sformułuj pytania, które chciałbyś mu zadać.

Coals

Coals belong to energy resources. Their varieties differ in colour (from light brown to intensely black), hardness and percentage content of the carbon element.

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Black coal deposits in Poland are located in three basins: in Upper Silesia, in the Lublin region and in Lower Silesia.
In 2000, it was discontinued to mine coal in the coal‑mining area in Lower Silesia. In turn, over 90% of the coal mined in Poland comes from the coal‑mining area in Upper Silesia. In these areas, exploitation of deposits began already in the mid‑seventeenth century.

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Wysłuchaj nagrania abstraktu, wyodrębnij jego części i nadaj im tytuły.
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Exercise 1
Black coal contains: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. ninety-ninety seven percent of elemental carbon, 2. seventy five percent of elemental carbon, 3. sixty two- seventy five percent of elemental carbon, 4. approx. sixty percent of elemental carbon
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Exercise 2
During the rectification of crude oil at a temperature of approx. two hundred degrees Celsius, we obtain: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. diesel, 2. gasoline, 3. petroleum, 4. mazut
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Exercise 3
Diesel engines are fueled by: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. diesel, 2. gasoline, 3. kerosene, 4. refinery gas
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Exercise 4
The main component constituting over ninety percent of natural gas is always: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. propane, 2. butane, 3. ethane, 4. methane
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Exercise 5
Of the substances listed below, the lowest boiling point has: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. diesel, 2. refinery gas, 3. petrol, 4. petroleum

Summary

  • Organic compounds are charring at elevated temperatures.

  • Natural sources of hydrocarbons are natural gas, crude oil and coal.

  • The petroleum components, e.g. gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil, are isolated using a distillation process.

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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Homework
Task 2.1

Look for information indicating the type of hazard that this gas may create in the safety data sheet of methane.

Keywords

hydrocarbons, organic compounds, inorganic compounds, petroleum, natural gas, coal, refine

Glossary

hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

węglowodory – związki chemiczne, których cząsteczki są zbudowane z atomów węgla i wodoru

organic compounds
organic compounds
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

związki organiczne – związki chemiczne węgla z innymi pierwiastkami, z wyjątkiem związków zaliczanych do nieorganicznych (m.in. tlenki węgla, kwas węglowy i jego sole)