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Ohm's law and electrical resistance

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Prawo Ohma i opór elektryczny

You will learn
  • Ohm's law,

  • define the concept of resistance,

  • experimentally verify the relationship between the voltage and the current in English.

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nagranie abstraktu
  • In the last lesson you learned that the current flowing through the resistor is directly proportional to the voltage between the ends of the resistor.

  • In this lesson we will discuss a more detailed description of this relationship.

  • We will also answer the question of what the resistance of the guide depends on.

Experiment
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nagranie abstraktu

The students under the supervision of the teacher performed a study of the dependence of the current flowing through the resistor on the applied voltage (see the previous lesson: Study of the relationship between the current and the electrical voltage in the circuit).

They examined two different resistors.

Then, the obtained data was presented on a graph.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

The above graphs clearly suggest a direct proportional relationship. This means that changing the applied voltage results in proportional changes in the current flowing. This confirms the previously obtained relationship, that UI=const.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

The graphs show that for each resistor the UI ratio is different.

What is the measure of resistance that the conductor material puts on the flow of electricity?
Mechanical analogy.
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nagranie abstraktu

Imagine that we are performing some work, for example, moving the wardrobe. Or even two wardrobes - first one and then the other. The first wardrobe moves easily. You perform some work and the effect is visible - the wardrobe moves quickly. This means that the resistance to movement is small. It's worse with a second wardrobe. You perform the same work as the first time, but the wardrobe moves very slowly. Movement resistance is high. We can consider the speed at which a wardrobe moves when we perform a constant work as a measure of motion resistance. Could it not be possible to measure the resistance of the conductor to the current flow in a similar way?

Correspondence to mechanical analogy.
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nagranie abstraktu

Instead of a wardrobe, we have a portion of electric charge. The work done by electric forces over a portion of a charge of one coulomb is voltage. The speed of the cabinet, on the other hand, corresponds to the amount of charge that flows per second, i.e. the current intensity.

Thus, the measure of the electrical resistanceelectrical resistanceelectrical resistance can be the current intensity obtained under the influence of a given voltage.

Increasing the voltage (or increasing the work) will increase the amount of charge flowing in the time unit, i.e. the current intensity, but the resistance remains the same. It's as if we were trying to move the wardrobe harder and got higher speed.

The resistance of movement, however, will not change. Thus, the measure of the electrical resistanceelectrical resistanceelectrical resistance can be the ratio of the voltage applied to the conductor to the resulting current flowing through the conductor.

Conductor
Definition: Conductor
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nagranie abstraktu
conductor resistance=voltage at the ends of the conductorcurrent flowing through the conductor
R=UI

Like any physical quantity, resistance is expressed in certain units. The electric resistance unit is ohm. What is it? Well, ohm is the resistance of such a conductor, that the voltage of 1 volt causes in it a current of 1 ampere.

1 om równa się 1 wolt przez 1 amper.
1 om równa się 1 wolt przez 1 amper.
What is the relationship between the electrical voltage and the current intensity?
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nagranie abstraktu

In the case of many conductors, this relationship is the simplest: the current (effect) is proportional to the applied voltage (cause). If the voltage at the ends of the conductor increases, say four times, then the current flowing through this conductor will increase fourfold.

This relationship between voltage and current is called Ohm's law. Let's write down this law properly.

Ohm's law
Definition: Ohm's law
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nagranie abstraktu

The current flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the voltage at the ends of this conductor.

I is proportional to U.

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nagranie abstraktu

The proportionality factor is the inverse of the electrical resistanceelectrical resistanceelectrical resistance. To convince yourself, it is enough to transform the formula slightly (definition of resistance).

I=1R·U

or

I=UR
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Pokaz slajdów – przepływ wody przez tamę a prawo Ohma. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Water flow through the dam and Ohm's law
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

It is quite obvious. The larger the voltage we apply, the larger the current will flow. The bigger the resistance the conductor has, the lower the current. Recall the example of a wardrobe - the more work you do, the bigger the effect will be: the wardrobe will move faster. The greater the resistance of movement, the weaker the effect - the wardrobe will move more slowly.

Ohm's law describes the simplest case of the relationship between the voltage applied to the conductor (resistor) and the current flowing through this conductor.

Formulation of Ohm's law
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nagranie abstraktu

The ratio of the current at the ends of the conductor and the voltage of the current flowing through the conductor is constant.

The formula for Ohm’s law – form 1
UI=const

where:
I - current intensity (in the SI system in amperes - A),
U - voltage between the ends of the conductor (in the SI system in volts - V).

The formula for Ohm's law - form 2

Otherwise, the Ohm's law can also be formulated in the symbolic form:

I ~ U (I is proportional to U).

The current flowing through the conductor is proportional to the applied voltage.

Summary
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nagranie abstraktu
  • Ohm's law describes the simplest case of the relationship between the voltage applied to the conductor (resistor) and the current flowing through this conductor.

Exercises

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Exercise 1
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentence is true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The amount of current flowing through the conductor does not depend on its resistance., 2. Ohm's law describes the relationship between the voltage applied to the conductor and the current flowing through the conductor., 3. From Ohm's law it follows that R=IU. Therefore, a twofold increase in voltage will double the resistance of the conductor., 4. When we apply a voltage of 2 V to the conductor, a current of 4 A flows through it. The resistance of the conductor is thus 8 Ω.
Exercise 2

Through a conductor with resistance of of 10 Ω, a charge of 120 C was flown in one minute.

a) Calculate the current flowing through the conductor.

b) Calculate the voltage applied to this conductor.

Exercise 3

Write a short biographical note about Georg Ohm in English.

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Exercise 4
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Match Polish terms with their English equivalents. prawo Ohma Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Ohm’s law, 2. dependency of I on U, 3. electric current, 4. electrical resistance, 5. linear graph wykres liniowy Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Ohm’s law, 2. dependency of I on U, 3. electric current, 4. electrical resistance, 5. linear graph opór elektryczny Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Ohm’s law, 2. dependency of I on U, 3. electric current, 4. electrical resistance, 5. linear graph zależność I od U Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Ohm’s law, 2. dependency of I on U, 3. electric current, 4. electrical resistance, 5. linear graph prąd elektryczny Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Ohm’s law, 2. dependency of I on U, 3. electric current, 4. electrical resistance, 5. linear graph
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

dependency of I on U
dependency of I on U

zależność I od U

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wymowa w języku angielskim: dependency of I on U
electric current
electric current

prąd elektryczny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: electric current
electrical resistance
electrical resistance

opór elektryczny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: electrical resistance
linear graph
linear graph

wykres liniowy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: linear graph
Ohm’s law
Ohm’s law

prawo Ohma

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wymowa w języku angielskim: Ohm’s law

Keywords

electric currentelectric currentelectric current

electrical resistanceelectrical resistanceelectrical resistance

Ohm’s lawOhm’s lawOhm’s law