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Problem tasks based on experiments

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Zadania problemowe bazujące na eksperymentach

You will learn
  • how to explain some natural optical phenomena.

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nagranie abstraktu

1. Remind what conditions must be met to form a shadow.
2. Remind the laws of reflectionreflectionreflection and refraction of light.
3. Remind how spherical mirrors work.
4. You certainly know what the microscope is and what it is for. And have you heard about a mirascopemirascopemirascope? If not, search on the Internet for an explanation of what it is and what it is for.
5. Remind, under what conditions the phenomenon of total internal reflectiontotal internal reflectiontotal internal reflection takes place and what it is.

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nagranie abstraktu

Many problems and phenomena encountered in everyday life can be explained using geometrical optics. It assumes that light propagates in a straight line. The basic laws that accompany the propagation of light are the law of reflectionreflectionreflection and refractionrefractionrefraction.

Each of us has its shadow and we are not able to get rid of it. Once it is longer and once shorter and does not make any impression on us. Sometimes, however, it can be supernaturally large and terrifying. It is worth knowing that it still belongs to us and you should not be absolutely afraid of it.

The Brocken spectreBrocken spectreBrocken spectre, that is our own large shadow, often surrounded by a rainbow rim - glorygloryglory, is most often observed during hiking in the mountains, but it can also occur in other places. Various legends and superstitions are connected with it.

To observe the Brocken spectre, clouds or dense fog and the Sun are needed.

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Brocken spectre
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 1
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nagranie abstraktu

Take a look at the picture of the Brocken spectreBrocken spectreBrocken spectre and explain how the Sun, clouds or fog and observer must be aligned with respect to each other to observe this phenomenon.

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nagranie abstraktu

Each of us has at home plane mirrors, or ordinary mirrors. In some of them, we can see ourselves completely, in others we see ourselves only partially. They are usually made of glass coated with a thin layer of aluminium.

Exercise 2
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nagranie abstraktu

Ewa wants to buy a new mirror for her room. Until now, she had only one in which she could see herself halfway. That is why she is interested in choosing the height of a new mirror so that she can see in it the reflection of her entire body.

Ewa is 170 cm tall. Knowing that human eyes are placed on average 10 cm below the top of head, estimate the minimum height of the mirror needed by Ewa.

At what height should the mirror be suspended from the floor?

Ewa's room is relatively narrow - does the distance from which she looks in the new mirror affect how much of her reflectionreflectionreflection she sees?

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Where a mirror should be placed?
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

You already know that the mirascopemirascopemirascope is a simple device mainly used for playing. We have here a beautiful example of optical illusion. The structure of the mirascope is not complicated. It consists of two spherical mirrors with the same diameters that face each other. At the top of one of them, the hole is cut out. The cross‑section of the mirascope is shown below.

Inside the mirascope, we place the object and looking at the device at a certain angle, we see an illusionary image of the object floating in the opening of the upper mirror.

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Cross-section through a mirascope
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 3
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nagranie abstraktu

Explain how the illusionary image is created in the mirascopemirascopemirascope.

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nagranie abstraktu

Certainly you have often seen a picture of the water surface made by a diving photographer. Or do you remember what you saw while diving in a pool, lake or sea, looking up towards the surface of the water?

Diver looking towards the water surface sees a brighter part in the form of a circle surrounded by a darker space.

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Underwater view of sea surface
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 4
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nagranie abstraktu

Explain the mechanism of the formation of the image seen by the diver.

What determines the diameter of the bright part?

Remember
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nagranie abstraktu
  • Many of the optical phenomena that we encounter in everyday life can be explained by the laws of geometrical optics.

Exercises

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Exercise 5
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The Brocken spectre is created during sunny, cloudless weather., 2. The further we stand from a plane mirror, the more we can see from our reflection., 3. The mirascope is used to view objects at a considerable magnification., 4. Water is a denser optical medium than air.
Exercise 6

Search in available sources, what is the difference between the two optical phenomena: glory and corona.

Exercise 7

Explain in English what the phenomenon of total internal reflection is.

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Exercise 8
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. widmo Brockenu - Brocken spectre, 2. miraskop - mirascope, 3. całkowite wewnętrzne odbicie - total internal reflection, 4. stożek widzialności - Snell’s window, 5. załamanie - glory, 6. gloria - refraction
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

Brocken spectre
Brocken spectre

widmo Brockenu

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wymowa w języku angielskim: Brocken spectre
corona
corona

wieniec

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wymowa w języku angielskim: corona
glory
glory

gloria

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wymowa w języku angielskim: glory
mirascope
mirascope

miraskop

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wymowa w języku angielskim: mirascope
plane mirror
plane mirror

zwierciadło płaskie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: plane mirror
reflection
reflection

odbicie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: reflection
refraction
refraction

załamanie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: refraction
Snell’s window
Snell’s window

stożek widzialności

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wymowa w języku angielskim: Snell’s window
total internal reflection
total internal reflection

całkowite wewnętrzne odbicie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: total internal reflection

Keywords

Brocken spectreBrocken spectreBrocken spectre

coronacoronacorona

glorygloryglory

mirascopemirascopemirascope

Snell’s windowSnell’s windowSnell’s window