The reflection of the wave is a change of the direction of wave propagationdirection of wave propagationdirection of wave propagation without changing the medium in which the wave propagates.
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The above figures illustrate the process of the reflection of the wave at the boundary of two media differing in their speed of propagation. In this case the reflection phenomenon is also accompanied by the partial penetration of the wave into the other medium.
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After reaching an obstacle, the total reflectiontotal reflectiontotal reflection from the obstacle and a change of the direction of the impulse propagation is observed.
Standing wave
Definition: Standing wave
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Standing waves may occur in limited areas. Then the first wave moving in one direction interferes the second wave reflected from the border of the area, which moves in the opposite direction. As a result of the interference of such waves (a standing wavestanding wavestanding wave) is created. Different particles of the medium in which the standing wave is present perform vibrations with different amplitudes but with the same frequency.
A standing wavestanding wavestanding wave is characterized by the following terms:
a node of standing wave is a place where the molecules of the medium do not vibrate,
an antinode of a standing wave is the place where the molecules of the medium make vibrations with maximal amplitude.
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The distance between the node and the adjacent antinode is equal to length of the wave which runs in the rope, while two adjacent nodesnodesnodes or two adjacent antinodesantinodesantinodes are separated by length of the wave.
The standing wavestanding wavestanding wave is in fact the vibrations of the medium, also known as normal mode. The ideal standing wave differs from the wave which moves. In the case of an ideal standing wave there is no propagation of vibrations, so there is no wavefrontwavefrontwavefront. The places where the amplitude of the wave reaches the maximum are called antinodes, while those in which the amplitude is always zero - the nodes of the standing wave. In case of small frequency incompatibility, the nodesnodesnodes and the antinodesantinodesantinodes can move. If there is some incompatibility of the amplitudes, then there is no complete quenching of vibrationscomplete quenching of vibrationscomplete quenching of vibrations in the nodes.
Summary
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Standing wavestanding waveStanding wave - a wave whose ridges and valleys do not move.
The standing wave is created due to the interference of two identical waves moving in the same direction, but with opposite turns. Usually this effect is created, for example, by applying a reflected wave to the running wave.
The standing wave is in fact the vibrations of the medium, also known as normal mode.
The ideal standing wave differs from the wave which moves. In the case of an ideal standing wave there is no propagation of vibrations, so there is no wavefrontwavefrontwavefront.
The places where the amplitude of the wave reaches the maximum are called antinodes, while those in which the amplitude is always zero - the nodes of the standing wave. In case of small frequency incompatibility, the nodesnodesnodes and the antinodesantinodesantinodes can move. If there is some incompatibility of the amplitudes, then there is no complete quenching of vibrationscomplete quenching of vibrationscomplete quenching of vibrations in the nodes.
Exercises
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Exercise 1
Exercise 2
The string of the guitar is 80 cm long and performs vibrations with the frequency of 400 Hz.
a) Determine the length of the first and the second harmonics of the wave created with the guitar.
b) By how many centimeters should the guitar string be shortened to create a standing wave with the frequency of 800 Hz? The speed of wave propagation should be accepted as constant.
a) The length of first harmonic wave is 160 cm and of the second harmonic wave is 80 cm.
b) It should be shortened by half, or by 40 cm.
Exercise 3
You have a long pipe to which you can pour water, a centimeter measure and a sound generator, e.g. software available for smartphones. How can you determine the speed of sound propagation in the air? Remember that the literature will be useful for you.
Write a short report from the conducted experiment in English.