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Strengthening tissues

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • all organisms are made of cells;

  • cells perform functions in basic life processes;

  • plant cells have chloroplasts, cell walls and vacuoles.

You will learn
  • recognize plant tissues;

  • discuss the basic functions of individual plant tissues;

  • show the relationship between the structure of tissues and the function they perform;

  • microscopic observation of plant tissues.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu dotyczące tkanek wzmacniających

Strengthening tissuesStrengthening tissueStrengthening tissues (supporting tissues) give the plant rigidity and flexibility. This is especially important for those terrestrial plants that reach large sizes. There are two types of strengthening tissues: collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Colenchyma occurs in young, quickly growing parts of plants, like petioles and stems. It is made of living, elongated cells that form closely to each other. Their cell walls are strengthened by uneven thickening (the largest in the cell angles), which increases the plant's resistance to tearing. Sclerenchyma occurs in the grown‑up, older parts of plants. It is made of dead cells with thick, woody walls. The shape of the cells depends on their location in the plant. Heavily elongated and pointed fibers are found in flax and hemp stalks. Small, irregular sclereids can be found in pear fruit, nut shell or fruit seeds.

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On the left: cross section through the stem – angular collenchyma under the epidermis. On the right: Cros section through the leaf – layer of sclerenchyma cells in dragon tree leaf
Source: Dr. phil.nat Thomas Geier, Fachgebiet Botanik der Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim., Micropix, http://commons.wikimedia.org, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Observation 1

Indication of the characteristics of sclereids cell structure.

You will need
  • pear fruit,

  • microscope,

  • microscope equipment.

Instruction
  1. A small amount of the pulp of the pear fruit from the vicinity of the seed chambers scrape the razor blade and blend it on the slide.

  2. Use a dropper to put a drop of water on the slide.

  3. Cover the preparation with a cover slip and observe it under 100x magnification.

  4. Observe the aggregation of sclereids cells at 100x magnification.

  5. Make a schematic drawing.

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Sclereids in fruit parenchyma of pear
Source: dr Joanna Leśniewska (Tomorrow Sp. z o.o.), licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Summary

The cells of the pear fruit strengthening tissue are tightly arranged and have very thick cell walls.

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Ilustracja przedstawia ujęcie mikroskopowe przekrój poprzeczny łodygi. Na ilustracji przedstawione są od najbardziej zewnętrznej warstwy do najbardziej wewnętrznej: 1. tkanka okrywająca, covering tissue 2. miękisz, parenchyma 3. sklerenchyma otaczająca floem wtórny, sclerenchyma within the secondary phloem 4. kambium, cambium 5. ksylem wtórny, secondary xylem 6. rdzeń (miękisz), pith (parenchyma)
Histology of wooden stem
Source: Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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Exercise 1
Where the sclereids can be found. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. flax, 2. fruit seeds, 3. pear, 4. nut shell.
Source: licencja: CC 0.
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Exercise 2
Plant tissue with rigid cell walls, providing plants with resistance to bending, stretching and allowing the organs to maintain their shape is called the: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. strengthening tissue., 2. chloroplasts., 3. parenchyma.

Summary

  • The body of plants is filled with tissues, i.e. assemblies of cells with a similar structure specialized to perform specific functions.

  • Strengthening tissues give the plant stems rigidity and flexibility.

Keywords

strengthening tissues, colenchyma, sclerenchyma, sclereids

Glossary

strengthening tissue
strengthening tissue
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka strengthening tissue

tkanka wzmacniająca – tkanka roślinna o sztywnych ścianach komórkowych, zapewniająca roślinom odporność na zginanie, rozciąganie oraz umożliwiająca organom zachowanie kształtu; wyróżnia się dwa rodzaje tej tkanki: zwarcicę (żywa tkanka w młodych roślinach) i twardzicę (martwa tkanka w starszych roślinach)