RyL61FbBBVpMt

Structure and properties of solids. Crystalline structure

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Budowa i właściwości ciał stałych. Budowa krystaliczna

You will learn
  • about the different molecular structure of solids,

  • English vocabulary concerning structure and properties of solids.

Exercise 1
R63Yh4hYLiJfs
nagranie abstraktu

Answer the questions.

1. What is each physical body made up of?
2. What states of matter do you know?
3. What is the difference in the molecular structure of gases, liquids and solids?
4. What are the characteristics of a given state of matter? Consider 3 levels of matter that you know.

R110SkRUDOkrn1
nagranie abstraktu
Experiment
Research problem

Presentation of the shape change of various solids under the influence of applied force.

Research hypothesis

Depending on the material from which the body is made, we can change its shape by applying external force.

The course of the experiment

1. The teacher, using force, attempts to change the shape of bodies made from various materials.
2. For certain bodies, despite the use of high force, the change of shape is not possible, for example stone, ceramics, etc.
3. For a certain group of bodies, the shape change is relatively easy, for example chalk, plasticine or clay.

Conclusion
R1eezHSHNSEvE1
nagranie abstraktu

Solids retain a definite shape. However, there are materials whose shape can be easily changed, e.g. plasticine or clay.

R18Z3BX25wfVw1
Pokaz multimedialny - zmiana kształtu ciał stałych. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 2
R6loPrqAv19gh1
nagranie abstraktu

Specify whether the sentences are true or false.

a) Changing the shape of a plastic solid causes a change of its volumevolumevolume.
b) If we divide a solid into parts, the sum of their volumes is equal to the volume of the solid before the division.
c) The volume of a solid before division is smaller than the total volume of the solid parts.

RQynN1hcSm87A1
nagranie abstraktu

View the photos.

Exercise 3
R1Cwy6KcwEUfh1
nagranie abstraktu

Answer the questions.

a) Identify the most important characteristics of the bodies depicted in the pictures.
b) What are the effects of applying force to these bodies?

Conclusion
R19dLFmQ5ccIF1
nagranie abstraktu

Solids can be plastic, elastic or brittle.

RQynN1hcSm87A1
nagranie abstraktu

View the photos.

RAxgaDqYTH2HU
Crystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous solids
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
R1643MoxNock81
nagranie abstraktu

Refer to illustration presenting a comparison of the internal structure of a crystalline solid and an amorphous solidamorphous solidamorphous solid.

RDsWvT1F5vVsR
Comparison of the arrangement of molecules in crystalline and amorphous solid
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 4
R1G3mAA83cVQg1
nagranie abstraktu

How are the molecules arranged in crystalline solids and amorphous solids?

Conclusion
R1JHkM2uGoW1s1
nagranie abstraktu

The body made of one crystalcrystalcrystal is a monocrystal.
The body made of many crystals is a polycrystalpolycrystalpolycrystal.
A solid with a disordered structure of molecules is an amorphous solidamorphous solidamorphous solid.

Summary
Ru5NiGYqZzx4j1
nagranie abstraktu
  • Solids retain their shape and volume.

  • Changing the shape of a solid does not affect its volume.

  • ElasticityelasticityElasticity is a physical property of the bodies in which the body returns to its original shape and volumevolumevolume after the action of the external deforming force has ceased.

  • PlasticityplasticityPlasticity is a physical property of the bodies in which a solid under the influence of external force undergoes permanent deformation.

  • BrittlenessbrittlenessBrittleness is a physical property of the bodies in which the material cracks or crumbles under the influence of external force.

  • There is no clear division into elastic, plastic and brittle solids. This division is conventional and depends on the magnitude of the force acting on the given body.

  • Some solids are composed of atoms, ions or molecules showing a regular spatial pattern. If we know the location of one atom or molecule, we are able to predict the position of the other. When we connect them all together with line segments, we get a certain geometrical structure called a lattice.

  • Not all solids have a crystalline structure. Some of them are characterized by a disordered molecular structure. Such bodies are called amorphous.

Exercises

R1AS2cGncPvoI
Exercise 5
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Writing with blackboard chalk on the board uses brittleness of the chalk., 2. Claying uses elastic deformation., 3. Hot forging uses the plastic properties of iron., 4. Sculpting in the rock material uses elastic action., 5. Archery uses the elasticity of the material from which the bow is made., 6. When cutting and polishing a diamond while making a brilliant, the brittleness of the diamond is used., 7. Jumping on the trampoline uses the plasticity of the trampoline material.
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 6

How can we get salt crystals (NaCl)?

Exercise 7

Write in English what materials with crystalline and amorphous structure are used in your environment. What are they used for?

R11Vor0SH50mU
Exercise 8
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. kryształ - crystal, 2. ciało amorficzne - amorphous solid, 3. sieć krystaliczna - crystal lattice, 4. stan skupienia - state of matter, 5. plastyczność - brittleness, 6. kruchość - plasticity
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
R10IdYWqbutDk1
Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

amorphous solid
amorphous solid

ciało amorficzne

RxVnfVeGlvBtD1
wymowa w języku angielskim: amorphous solid
brittleness
brittleness

kruchość

RrvflVE5sGCLw1
wymowa w języku angielskim: brittleness
crystal
crystal

kryształ

RehtbuP0KJRlz1
wymowa w języku angielskim: crystal
crystal lattice
crystal lattice

sieć krystaliczna

RVFNNAFkGdVYE1
wymowa w języku angielskim: crystal lattice
elasticity
elasticity

sprężystość

R1GXLTDRT7FZX1
wymowa w języku angielskim: elasticity
plasticity
plasticity

plastyczność

R1O5Dm3fYSzBM1
wymowa w języku angielskim: plasticity
polycrystal
polycrystal

polikryształ

RnCaBUlfBVZhG1
wymowa w języku angielskim: polycrystal
state of matter
state of matter

stan skupienia

Rs1IzOnvei0fU1
wymowa w języku angielskim: state of matter
volume
volume

objętość

R1By8kZndCUKN1
wymowa w języku angielskim: volume

Keywords

amorphous solidamorphous solidamorphous solid

brittlenessbrittlenessbrittleness

crystalcrystalcrystal

elasticityelasticityelasticity

polycrystalpolycrystalpolycrystal