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Summary of material concerning work, power and energy

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Podsumowanie wiadomości o pracy, mocy i energii

You will learn
  • how to revise and consolidate the basic knowledge related to work, power, energy and simple machines in English.

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Answer the following questions.

  1. How do we define work in physics?

  2. How do we determine the power of the device?

  3. Give the relationship between work and the change of mechanical energy.

  4. What are simple machines for?

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Prezentacja slajdów – co wiemy o pracy, mocy i energii. Głównym celem jest przypomnienie podstawowych wiadomości o pracy, mocy i energii. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
What we know about work, power and energy
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Work
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Work
Definition: Work

Work is a physical quantity, which is a product of the force value and the value of the body displacement in the direction parallel to the direction of the force action.

W=Fs

where:
F - the value of force along the direction of the movement,
s – the displacement of the body.

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The unit of work is joule [J].

[J]=[N·m=kg·ms2·m=kg·m2s2]

To do workworkwork in a physical sense you should.

  1. Apply force which is not equal to zero to the body.

  2. The displacement of the body must be different from zero.

  3. The direction of force cannot be perpendicular to the direction of the displacement of the body.

Power
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Power
Definition: Power

PowerpowerPower is a physical quantity expressed numerically as the quotient of workworkwork and the time in which it was done.

power=workdonetime

The formula is symbolically expressed as:

P=Wt

where:
P - powerpowerpower,
W - workworkwork done,
t - time in which the workworkwork was done.

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Wat [W] is the unit of power.

[W]=[Js=N·ms=kg·ms·s2·m=kg·m2s3]

PowerpowerPower provides information about:

  • what work is done per unit of time,

  • how quickly this work is done.

Simple machines
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Simple machines are devices that allow you to perform a given work using forces of lower value.

From a physical point of view, simple machines only make it easier to do the work, but do not reduce the amount of energy needed to perform it.

Examples of simple machinessimple machinessimple machines:

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Double‑sided lever
Definition: Double‑sided lever

double‑sided leverdouble‑sided leverdouble‑sided lever is a rigid rod supported at one point to which forces are applied on both sides of the fulcrum.

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One‑sided lever
Definition: One‑sided lever

one‑sided leverone‑sided leverone‑sided lever is a rigid rod supported at one point to which forces are applied on one side of the fulcrum.

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Windlass
Definition: Windlass

The windlasswindlasswindlass usually consists of a shaft with a radius r and a handle. The length of the handle arm R is greater than the radius r of the cylinder.

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The windlass
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Stationary block
Definition: Stationary block

The stationary blockstationary blockstationary block is a disc that can rotate around a fixed axis. A rope is thrown through the disc, and it does not slip on the surface of the disc.

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The stationary block
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Movable block
Definition: Movable block

The movable blockmovable blockmovable block is a disc with a rope thrown around it that does not slide on the surface of the block, but it can move in the vertical direction and perform rotation.

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The movable block
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Energy
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Energy
Definition: Energy

EnergyenergyEnergy - scalar physical quantity characterizing the state of the physical system as its ability to perform work.

Energy occurs in various forms, e.g. kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, potential energy of elasticity, thermal energy, nuclear energy.

The principle of mechanical energy conservation is a special case of the general principle of energy conservation.

The principle of mechanical energy conservation can only be used if there is no resistance to movement.

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EnergyenergyEnergy can only change its form, but it cannot be created or destroyed (the principle of energy conservationprinciple of energy conservationprinciple of energy conservation). For example, „energy production” in a coal‑fired powerpowerpower plant only means the transformation of chemical energyenergyenergy into electricity.

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Work is one of the ways of converting one form of energy into one another.

The work is equal to the energy change.

W=ΔE

The workworkwork done always equals the change of the energyenergyenergy of the system.

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Kinetic energy
Definition: Kinetic energy

The kinetic energy of the body is associated with a motion. The body with mass m moving at speed v has kinetic energy, which is calculated from the formula:

Ek=mv22

An accelerating passenger car certainly has kinetic energyenergyenergy. A large truck moving at a slightly lower speed can have even greater kinetic energyenergyenergy because its weight is much greater than the weight of the passenger car.

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Potential (gravitational) energy
Definition: Potential (gravitational) energy

This energy is related to the gravitational interaction between the body with mass m and the Earth (planet). This energy depends on the weight and height of the body and is expressed by the formula:

Ep=m·g·h

The constant g is called gravitational acceleration (acceleration of freefall) and its value for the Earth is g9,81ms2.

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Mechanical energy
Definition: Mechanical energy

The sum of the kinetic energyenergyenergy and the potential energy of a body is called mechanical energyenergyenergy.

Em=Ek+Ep

The principle of mechanical energy conservation is one of the most important principles in physics. It says that in the case of a system of bodies on which no external forces and no resistance forces act, the total mechanical energy of the system remains constant.

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Summary

1. Most phenomena in nature are associated with energy changes. Energy can be transferred from one body to another (e.g. in the form of thermal energy) or change from one form to another (e.g. kinetic energy into potential energy, electricity into heat energy).

2. The force acting on the body performs work when: during the operation of this force, the body is displaced or deformed.

3. The power of the device is the quotient of the work and the time when it was made.

4. We say that the body system is capable of performing work if it has mechanical energy. The increase of the mechanical energy of the ΔE system is equal to the external forces exerted over this system ΔE=W.

Returning to the previous state, the system can (at the expense of its energy) perform work of the same value.

5. The energy unit is joule [J] and watts power [W].

6. We divide mechanical energy into: potential energy (gravity and elasticity) and kinetic energy. The potential energy of the body depends on its position relative to the other body with which it interacts. Potential energy of gravity changes when the distance of the body from the Earth changes. The potential energy of elasticity is related to the elastic deformation of the body.

7. If the bodies of the system interact only with gravitational forces or elasticity, and the external force does not work on it, then the total mechanical energy, i.e. the sum of the potential and kinetic energy of this system, does not change.

Exercises

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Exercise 1
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: A truck has twice the mass of a car, but its speed is twice lower that that of the car. What are their energies? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The vehicles have the same mechanical energies., 2. The truck has twice as much mechanical energy as the car., 3. The passenger car has twice as much mechanical energy as the truck., 4. The car has four times greater mechanical energy than the truck.
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 2

Karol lifted a rucksack weighing 4 kg to the height of 90 cm in 3 seconds. What kind of work did Karol do and what was the average power of his muscles while he was lifting the rucksack?

Exercise 3

Some electrical devices work at your home every day. Specify the rated power of these devices and the electricity consumption per day. Write a short note in English about how to reduce the consumption of energy.

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Exercise 4
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. praca - work, 2. moc - power, 3. energia - energy, 4. maszyny proste - simple machines, 5. zasada zachowania energii - one-sided lever, 6. dźwignia jednostronna - principle of energy conservation, 7. dźwignia dwustronna - windlass, 8. kołowrót - double-sided lever
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

double‑sided lever
double‑sided lever

dźwignia dwustronna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: double‑sided lever
energy
energy

energia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: energy
movable block
movable block

ruchomy bloczek

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wymowa w języku angielskim: movable block
one‑sided lever
one‑sided lever

dźwignia jednostronna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: one‑sided lever
power
power

moc

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wymowa w języku angielskim: power
principle of energy conservation
principle of energy conservation

zasada zachowania energii

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wymowa w języku angielskim: principle of energy conservation
simple machines
simple machines

maszyny proste

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wymowa w języku angielskim: simple machines
stationary block
stationary block

nieruchomy bloczek

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wymowa w języku angielskim: stationary block
windlass
windlass

kołowrót

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wymowa w języku angielskim: windlass
work
work

praca

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wymowa w języku angielskim: work

Keywords

energyenergyenergy

powerpowerpower

principle of energy conservationprinciple of energy conservationprinciple of energy conservation

simple machinessimple machinessimple machines

workworkwork