Portret Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego w pozłacanym, białym stroju koronacyjnym z czerwoną peleryną.
Portrait of Stanisław August Poniatowski in coronation robes
Source: Marcello Bacciarelli, domena publiczna.
The Familia decided to use favor with Russia for the introduction of changes in Poland, so the Confederated Convocation Sejm in 1764 could begin the process of recovery. Rules of procedure in the Sejm were adopted, and the concept of majority rule in financial matters was also adopted, the oath of office for deputies was abolished instructionsdeputies' Instructionsinstructions, the Liberum Veto was abolished in Diet Councils. In 1764, Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last elected king was on the throne, who was associated with the Czartoryskis. Due to fears that the power of the king was too great, numbers of dissenters grew and there were fears of excessive Russian influence. The Polish nobility formed the Bar confederation, which led to an outbreak of civil war. The weakened Commonwealth became easy prey for its neighbours. In 1772 the First Partition of Poland tool place, by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
Task 1
Listen to the fragments of Catherine II of Russia's secret instructions to her ambassadors. What are the goals? What methods are recommended to influence the situation in Poland and, through this, European politics? Does her assessment of Stanisław August Poniatowski flatter him?
Secret instruction from Catherine II to Russian deputies in Poland .... of year 1783
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Ilustracja przedstawia portret carycy Katarzyny II
Empress Catherine II
Source: domena publiczna.
„The main interest, the first and most important for all neighbouring powers, is that election of the king in Poland should not be replaced by heredity, as this would be a first step that would lead to the introduction of further reforms harmful to our interests. [...] If the election were left in the hands of the same family [Wettin], it would soon become genuine heredity. The Republic of Poland does not have sufficient internal strength to oppose this danger and prevent attacks, which could be directed against her laws and constitutionconstitutionconstitution [...].
As a result of all of these considerations and due to our location, we must give full attention to ensure that the current structure of the Polish government remains intact, that there is no change in the laws of unanimity in the Sejms and that there is no increase in military strength; it is on this basis that the benefits to our Empire are based, so that we may have a direct influence on European politics.
[...] It would be of inestimable value to us to put a Piast ruler on the Polish throne, it would be useful for our real interests, he would only owe his elevation to the throne to us. In the person of Count Poniatowski stolnikstolnikstolnik of Lithuania, we find all the necessary circumstances for our satisfaction and as a result have decided to assist him to the Polish throne [...].
But, Count of Keyserling and Prince Repnina, you will most of all earn our gratitude and obtain personal fame, as you will ensure that the entire Commonwealth insists upon our intervention and our solemn guarantee of basic rights, constitutions, privileges and freedom [...].”
ferenc Source: Secret instruction from Catherine II to Russian deputies in Poland .... of year 1783, [w:] M. Ferenc, Epoka nowożytna. Teksty źródłowe, Kraków 2001, s. 239–240.
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Exercise 1
Assign the type of Sejm in the Commonwealth to the matters it dealt with election of the ruler Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Coronation, 2. Election, 3. Convocation preparation of the choice of ruler Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Coronation, 2. Election, 3. Convocation the symbolic act of assuming power by the ruler Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Coronation, 2. Election, 3. Convocation
Assign the type of Sejm in the Commonwealth to the matters it dealt with election of the ruler Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Coronation, 2. Election, 3. Convocation preparation of the choice of ruler Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Coronation, 2. Election, 3. Convocation the symbolic act of assuming power by the ruler Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Coronation, 2. Election, 3. Convocation
Assign the type of Sejm in the Commonwealth to the matters it dealt with
Coronation, Convocation, Election
election of the ruler
preparation of the choice of ruler
the symbolic act of assuming power by the ruler
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Exercise 2
An active foreign policy from the new king could have improved the situation in the Commonwealth. With whom could he have carried it out? Assign the rulers of the major European countries in the years 1764 to 1772 to the countries they ruled. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II Russia Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II Austria Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II Great Britian Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II France Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II Prussia Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II
An active foreign policy from the new king could have improved the situation in the Commonwealth. With whom could he have carried it out? Assign the rulers of the major European countries in the years 1764 to 1772 to the countries they ruled. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II Russia Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II Austria Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II Great Britian Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II France Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II Prussia Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Frederick II, 2. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 3. Louis XV, 4. George III, 5. Maria Teresa, 6. Catherine II
An active foreign policy from the new king could have improved the situation in the Commonwealth. With whom could he have carried it out? Assign the rulers of the major European countries in the years 1764 to 1772 to the countries they ruled.
Louis XV, Frederick II, Catherine II, Maria Teresa, Stanisław August Poniatowski, George III
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russia
Austria
Great Britian
France
Prussia
1
Exercise 3
Based on the map below, describe which lands were taken by which partitioner.
Based on the map below, describe which lands were taken by which partitioner.
Study the map thoroughly, then complete the following exercise.
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Grafika mapy przedstawiającej pierwszy rozbiór Polski w 1772 roku. Austria otrzymała całą południową Polskę po Zbrucz z Lwowem. Dodatkowo Austria przejęła Spisz i powiaty nowotarski, nowosądecki i czorsztyński.
Prusy anektowały Warmię i Prusy Królewskie (Pomorze Gdańskie), lecz bez Gdańska i Torunia.
Rosja zagarnęła Inflanty Polskie oraz wschodnie, peryferyjne krańce Rzeczypospolitej za Dnieprem, Drucią i Dźwiną (województwa: mścisławskie, witebskie i połockie oraz część mińskiego i inflanckiego).
The First Partition of the Commonwealth in 1772
Source: Krystian Chariza i zespół.
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Wykonaj zadanie zgodnie z poleceniem.
Wykonaj zadanie zgodnie z poleceniem.
Complete these sentences.
Austria, Prussia, East Prussia, green, Kraków, Warsaw, Prussian, Tsarina Catherine II, yellow, King Frederick II, urban, Royal Prussia, Empress Maria Theresa
1. The session of the Sejm which approved the First Partition of Poland took place in ...........................................
2. The lands taken from the Commonwealth in 1772 by Austria are marked on the map in ...........................................
3. The Russian partition is marked on the map in .......................................... and the .......................................... in blue.
4. Russia seized peripheral areas of the Commonwealth, which, in the opinion of .......................................... were of secondary importance, without any significant .......................................... centres.
5. The areas taken by Prussia and .......................................... were of much greater value. Most keenly felt were the loss of .......................................... and northern Greater Poland.
6. Thanks to his participation in the First Partition of Poland, .......................................... managed for this first time in history to unite the Kingdom of Prussia with the lands of ...........................................
7. In looking at the occupied areas, the smallest of the partitions belonged to ...........................................
8. The lands divided by .......................................... were the historical centre of the Crown, with Lviv being one of Poland's most important economic centres.
9. Within the boundaries of the Commonwealth, there remained cities such as: Częstochowa, .......................................... and Toruń.
stolnik – w dawnej Polsce urzędnik nadworny opiekujący się kuchnią i nadzorujący podawanie potraw na stół królewski; w okresie Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej tytularny urzędnik ziemski
