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The Earth’s shape and size

Source: domena publiczna.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • what celestial objects are located in close vicinity of the Earth;

  • that the Earth’s shape is close to a sphere.

  • that the Earth goes round the Sun during a single year although it seems that the Sun circles the Earth each day.

You will learn
  • explain the method to determine Earth’s size, used by Eratosthenes;

  • calculate the circumference of the planet using the above method;

  • explain the concept of a spheroid and a geoid;

  • explain the relation between Earth’s shape and its rotation.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Upon thousands of years of perceiving the Earth as a flat object, people finally concluded (as a result of many observations, calculations and reasoning attempts) that our planet is a sphere or a solid closely resembling a sphere. The first successful attempt to determine the Earth’s size was completed by Eratosthenes, a philosopher, a geographer, an astronomer and a mathematician of Greek origin, living most of his life in Egypt. He compared lengths of shadows cast at noon during the summer solstice in two Egyptian locations which, as he had presumed, lied on the same meridian: Syene (modern Aswan, south Egypt) and Alexandria (at the shore of the Mediterranean Sea). When sun rays lit the bottom of a deep well in Aswan (which means they were perpendicular to the Earth’s surface), in Alexandria they fell under the angle of 7.2 degrees (which is 7.2/360 or 1/50 of a full angle). Eratosthenes measured that the distance between these locations was about 800 km (497 mi) (in modern units of length). He concluded that the Earth’s circumference should be 50 times that which was about 40,000 km (24,855 mi). This is astonishingly close to modern measurements of the Earth’s circumference according to which it measures 40,075.017 km (24,901 mi), and the average radius is 6,371.0 km (3959 mi).

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The Earth is not an ideal sphere. The Earth’s rotation around its own axis results in a centrifugal force which acts the strongest on the equator and makes the Earth’s radius, measured from its centre to the equator (ca. 6,378 km / 3963 mi), to be greater than the radius measured from its centre to the pole (ca. 6,357 km / 3950 mi). Such a solid is called a rotational ellipsoidrotational ellipsoidrotational ellipsoid Due to the fact that land elevates from the ocean level, the Earth’s shape is neither an ideal sphere nor it is an ideal rotational ellipsoid. This is a shape typical exclusively for our planet, with no equivalent in geometric solids, and therefore called a geoidgeoidgeoid.

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Elipsoida
Source: Andrzej Bogusz, licencja: CC BY-NC 3.0.
Task 1

Work in groups.

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Using a globe or maps in a geographical atlas, estimate the value of the angle at the midday of the summer solstice formed by the direction of the sunrays in Aswan with the direction of sunrays (same day and time) in Kiev or another European city near the same meridian as Aswan. (Uzupełnij). Measure the distance between these places, e.g. using Google Maps. (Uzupełnij). Based on Eratosthenes' calculations, calculate the Earth's circumference based on the data obtained for Aswan and the selected European city. (Uzupełnij).
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Animacja przedstawiająca związek pomiędzy siłą odśrodkową a kształtem ciała niebieskiego. Na ekranie kręcąca się planeta Ziemia widziana z kosmosu. Następnie rysunek kuli z zaznaczonym kierunkiem obracania, osią obrotu, siłą odśrodkową działającą na kulę i promieniami zaznaczonymi w dwóch miejscach: pośrodku kuli i bliżej bieguna północnego. Promień bliżej bieguna r = jedna druga R, promień pośrodku r = R. Zaznaczony wektor siły F przy biegunie krótszy niż pośrodku kuli. Na ekranie napis: R – average radius of the Earth, r – distance between the axis of rotation of the Earth and the point on its surface, F – centrifugal force acting at a given point on the Earth’s surface. W kolejnym ujęciu znów kręcąca się Ziemia widziana z kosmosu. Po prawej i po lewej stronie Ziemi pojawiają się strzałki wskazujące kierunek działania siły odśrodkowej. Ziemia ulega niewielkiemu spłaszczeniu, strzałki wydłużają się.
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Exercise 1
Based on lessons, choose sentences which are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Eratosthenes was the first to calculate the Earth’s circumference with surprisingly good accuracy., 2. Eratosthenes compared lengths of shadows cast at noon during the summer solstice in two towns which, as he had presumed, lied on the same meridian., 3. If the Earth was flat, then, at the same time, sun rays would fall on its surface at the same angle in all towns lying on the same meridian., 4. According to measurements he had completed, Eratosthenes hypothesised that the Earth is flat, and this opinion survived until today.
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Exercise 2
Match each effect with corresponding cause. Causes: Earth’s rotation, centrifugal force effect, spherical shape of the Earth. Effects: 1. generation of centrifugal force, 2. varied shadow length in different locations lying at the same meridian, 3. flattening of the Earth’s poles

Keywords

globe, centrifugal force, Earth, ellipsoid

Glossary

rotational ellipsoid
rotational ellipsoid
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

elipsoida obrotowa - bryła powstająca przez obrót elipsy wokół jednej z jej osi; elipsoida Ziemi powstaje w wyniku obrotu elipsy wokół krótszej osi, jaką jest oś ziemska

geoid
geoid
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

geoida - bryła obrazująca kształt Ziemi, niemająca odpowiednika w bryłach geometrycznych; jej powierzchnia w każdym miejscu jest prostopadła do kierunku działania siły ciężkości; kształt geoidy jest zbliżony do rzeczywistego kształtu Ziemi