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The notion and the types of operating systems

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Pojęcie i rodzaje systemów operacyjnych

You will learn
  • about various operating systems,

  • about the function of the computer operating systemoperating systemoperating system,

  • to identify various operating systems and to use English vocabulary related to operating systems.

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nagranie abstraktu

An operating systemoperating systemoperating system is an integral and inseparable part of the computer system, without which the computer cannot be used.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu
An operating system
Definition: An operating system

is a softwaresoftwaresoftware which manages the computer system and creates an environment for executing and controlling the user’s tasks.

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nagranie abstraktu

First computers allowed to run only one programme. Punch cards or magnetic tapes were used in order to enter the programme and data into the system. The role of the computer system at that time was limited to the use of the defined programming language – and that is why the programmes written in that specific language could be executed.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

Relatively low speed of the input/output devices (card reading, printing) in comparison to the time of executing the programme by the computer resulted in low effectiveness of using the then very expensive computer.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

The way to avoid this problem was to permanently upload to the computer memory the softwaresoftwaresoftware that manages hardware and the communication between the hardware and the user. Therefore, repeating these operations was not necessary while executing any user programme.

Another important thing was to notice that while performing input / output operations, the computer is significantly less loaded than during the execution of the programme itself. Hence the idea to use the computer processor for the execution of another programme, while executing the input/output operations. Such a feature of the concurrent execution of multiple tasks is called multitaskingmultitaskingmultitasking. The operating systemoperating systemoperating system gained the ability to manage the processor and memory so that multiple processes could use them simultaneously.

With the arrival of floppy disk drives and hard disks the operating systemoperating systemoperating system also began to manage the storage mediastorage mediastorage media and the data stored in them.

The next revolution in the design of operating systems was to enable several users to work on the same computer at the same time, which is called multiple accessmultiple accessmultiple access. User accounts, which allowed multiple users to conveniently use one computer, were introduced to desktop computers.

When first computer networks were launched, it was necessary to equip the operating system with network functionsnetwork functionsnetwork functions. In the initial stage all operating systems were text systems. It required knowing the commands entered by the user with the keyboard.

In order to make computers easier to operate for „computer laymen”, along the enhancement of computing powercomputing powercomputing power of the available computers, a graphical environment (GUI, i.e. graphical user interfaceinterfaceinterface) was introduced, which increased the efficiency and easiness of its use. With time basic applications were introduced to graphical operating systems, which enabled to carry out simple operations, e.g. a calculator, a text editor or a simple graphics programme.

Task 1

Open the Geogebra applet, learn the basic information about the most popular operating systems available nowadays and answer the questions that follow.

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Aplikacja prezentuje najpopularniejsze systemy operacyjne nie jest dostępna z poziomu czytnika ekranowego. Poniżej znajduje się galeria i ćwiczenie interaktywne stanowiące alternatywę dla aplikacji.
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Task 2
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Decide which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Windows is an operating system available for mobile phones., 2. Android is an operating system developed by Microsoft., 3. The logo of the MacOS systems is a green robot., 4. Raspbian is an operating system based on Linux.
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Task 3
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nagranie abstraktu

Find the examples of free and commercial operating systems on the Internet.

Exercises

Exercise 1
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Multiple access: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. allows several users to work on multiple computers at the same time, 2. allows several users to work on the same computer at the same time, 3. allows one user to work on multiple computers at the same time
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 2
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Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Decide which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. An operating system is a software which manages the computer system and creates an environment for executing and controlling the user’s tasks., 2. The feature of the concurrent execution of multiple tasks is called multitasking., 3. User accounts allow multiple users to conveniently use one computer., 4. The graphical environment (GUI, i.e. graphical user interface) allows users to draw on the computer.
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 3

Which operating system do you usually use? Give its features that you regard as advantages and disadvantages.

Exercise 4
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Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. system operacyjny - an operating system, 2. oprogramowanie - software, 3. interfejs - interface, 4. wielozadaniowość - multitasking, 5. wielodostęp - network functions, 6. moc obliczeniowa - storage media
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

computing power
computing power

moc obliczeniowa

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wymowa w języku angielskim: computing power
interface
interface

interfejs

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wymowa w języku angielskim: interface
multiple access
multiple access

wielodostęp

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wymowa w języku angielskim: multiple access
multitasking
multitasking

wielozadaniowość

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wymowa w języku angielskim: multitasking
network functions
network functions

funkcje sieciowe

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wymowa w języku angielskim: network functions
operating system
operating system

system operacyjny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: operating system
software
software

oprogramowanie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: software
storage media
storage media

nośniki danych

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wymowa w języku angielskim: storage media

Keywords

operating systemoperating systemoperating system- system operacyjny - oprogramowanie zarządzające systemem komputerowym, tworzące środowisko do uruchamiania i kontroli zadań użytkownika

multitaskingmultitaskingmultitasking - wielozadaniowością - wykonywanie wielu zadań w tym samym czasie

multiple accessmultiple accessmultiple access - wielodostęp - umożliwienie pracy kilku osób jednocześnie na jednym komputerze