RyL61FbBBVpMt

The timbre of sound

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Barwa dźwięku

You will learn
  • in English about the tone of the basic sound and harmonic components,

  • understand what the timbre of the sound depends on.

Answer the introductory questions:

R1D7NqerDM0oI1
nagranie abstraktu
  1. What is sound?

  2. Name the features of sound.

  3. Why do different sound sources, despite producing the wave with the same frequencyfrequencyfrequency, sound different?

The timbre of sound
Definition: The timbre of sound
R1IUgaHF9uzOe1
nagranie abstraktu

The timbre - a characteristic sound that allows you to distinguish the sounds of different instruments or voice. The timbre of a given instrument may change slightly depending on:

  • the method of inducing vibrations (tugging stringstringstring with a bow, jerk or punch),

  • excitation force (and therefore the volume of the sound),

  • frequencyfrequencyfrequency (different strings can make sounds slightly different in timbre),

  • changes in time.

R9imxYqNywn3l
The sound produced by instruments is a sound composed of several other harmonic sounds
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
RyHgjkSELsL2L1
nagranie abstraktu

The red chart is a symbolic representation of the sound. Its shape includes, among others, the sounds presented in blue colors on the lower drawings. Almost every sound we hear is the sum of several harmonic sounds with different frequencies and amplitudes.

RQ0HnfchClK9m1
nagranie abstraktu

Speaking of the frequency of the sound is not as obvious as it seems because it is not clearly defined. However, it is not always sensible to talk about the sound frequency. In fact, only one type of sound has a well‑defined (precisely „single”) frequency. This sound is the harmonic wave (sinusoidal) and is called the tone.

Tones are like basic building blocks of sounds - no sounds are simpler than tones. Most of the complex sounds contain many tones, which affect the timbre of the sound.

The tone may be louder or quieter - but it remains the same tone all the time. The volume of each tone depends on its amplitudeamplitudeamplitude. The greater the amplitude of a given tone, the louder it is.

The tone itself does not sound very beautiful. It is simple and poor in timbre. Most common sounds are a mixture of many tones, with some tones lasting longer and other shorter; growing quickly or slowly; waving, intermitting, etc. All these together enable the musician to bring out wonderful mood from a good instrument, put us in a good mood, make us sad, touched, flurried, etc.

RyegYO9tbDKb21
nagranie abstraktu

From the physical point of view, a better instrument usually produces more tones than the worse one. In addition, the instrument does not produce the so‑called „wolf tones”, i.e. unwanted tones in the spectrum of the sound. However, the impression of timbre depends not only on the presence of tones, but also on their „behavior”. It is important which the tones disappear faster and which disappear more slowly, how their disappearance proceeds, etc. We easily distinguish the sound of the piano from the sound of the violin; this is mainly due to the fact that stringstringstring instruments can play very „long” notes and the control of the duration of the sound is much greater here than in the case of the piano. After all, this last instrument requires a completely different method of producing sound.

R1djObc1CyhOw1
nagranie abstraktu

In the slides below sounds with the same basic tones produced by various instruments are presented.

R1TP3tnGNuoTz1
Prezentacja slajdów – barwa dźwięków różnych instrumentów. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Task 1
R51kTnhAIb48v1
nagranie abstraktu

Find the sound generator on the Internet. e.g. as in the picture:

Rs8Ek1W8FqrtE1
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
R1Q1cn8HiMKN41
nagranie abstraktu

Notice the differences in timbre while changing the different types of sound.

R19BTgeaLziQO1
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
RjAnKFIMm9DUn1
nagranie abstraktu

Check the differences in timbre for different fundamental tone frequencies. 

Summary
R1IUgaHF9uzOe1
nagranie abstraktu

The timbre - a characteristic sound that allows you to distinguish the sounds of different instruments or voice. The timbre of a given instrument may change slightly depending on:

  • the method of inducing vibrations (tugging stringstringstring with a bow, jerk or punch),

  • excitation force (and therefore the volume of the sound),

  • frequencyfrequencyfrequency (different strings can make sounds slightly different in timbre),

  • changes in time.

Exercises

R176RqOQDucAH
Exercise 1
A Stradivarius sounds [tu uzupełnij], a cheap violin from the bazaar sounds [tu uzupełnij]; however, it is possible to play for example Dvořák's "Humoresque" on both instruments and both instruments can also play the same sound, e.g. the upper "C". What distinguishes the [tu uzupełnij] of these instruments? Of course the [tu uzupełnij]. What does it depend on? From the physical point of view, a better instrument usually produces more [tu uzupełnij] than the worse one. In addition, the [tu uzupełnij] does not produce the so-called "wolf tones", i.e. unwanted tones in the [tu uzupełnij] of the sound. However, the impression of timbre depends not only on the presence of tones, but also on their "behavior". It is important which the tones disappear faster and which disappear more slowly, how their disappearance proceeds, etc. We easily distinguish the sound of the [tu uzupełnij] from the sound of the [tu uzupełnij] this is mainly due to the fact that [tu uzupełnij] instruments can play very "long" notes and the control of the duration of the sound is much greater here than in the case of the piano. After all, this last instrument requires a completely different [tu uzupełnij] of producing sound. Słowa do uzupełnienia: instrument, sound, timbre, method, piano, tones, violin, spectrum, string, terrible, wonderful.
Exercise 2

Submission of signals:

Use your phone and download a free application that generates signals with a determined frequency and signal shape. Usually such an application allows simultaneous generation of several signals.

1. Generate one frequency for several signals of different shapes. Each time, listen to the timbre of the resultant sound.

2. Generate several signals of the same shape but with such frequencies that are an integral multiple of one of them, e.g. 200 Hz, 400 Hz, ... etc. Each time, listen to the timbre of the resultant sound.

Exercise 3

Listen to the short musical piece played on the grand piano, the piano, the violin and the guitar. In English write briefly about the timbre of the sound produced by each instrument.

RYrUuwSjZe58a
Exercise 4
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. składowe harmoniczne - harmonic components, 2. fala akustyczna - acoustic wave, 3. wykres - graph, 4. struna - string, 5. ton podstawowy - timbre of sound, 6. barwa dźwięku - basic tone
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
R11fprB0jkOW91
Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

acoustic wave
acoustic wave

fala akustyczna

RTllyafvQWFBO1
wymowa w języku angielskim: acoustic wave
amplitude
amplitude

amplituda

R1ABjxJ2Lag7I1
wymowa w języku angielskim: amplitude
basic tone
basic tone

ton podstawowy

RNR2ustUfX3ng1
wymowa w języku angielskim: basic tone
frequency
frequency

częstotliwość

R1OeLXJ595vdy1
wymowa w języku angielskim: frequency
graph
graph

wykres

R1Kr0v9TOLRp41
wymowa w języku angielskim: graph
harmonic components
harmonic components

składowe harmoniczne

RPZd0azIeD3CQ1
wymowa w języku angielskim: harmonic components
harmonics submmision
harmonics submmision

składanie harmonicznych

RpnsEai5A2Gyv1
wymowa w języku angielskim: harmonics submmision
instrument sound
instrument sound

brzmienie instrumentu

RcwCDbwOX1PNT1
wymowa w języku angielskim: instrument sound
string
string

struna

RpZpcntNkYz561
wymowa w języku angielskim: string
timbre of sound
timbre of sound

barwa dźwięku

ROwpWnctOa7UB1
wymowa w języku angielskim: timbre of sound

Keywords

acoustic waveacoustic waveacoustic wave

basic tonebasic tonebasic tone

graphgraphgraph

harmonic componentsharmonic componentsharmonic components

timbre of soundtimbre of soundtimbre of sound