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The valence of chemical elements pt 2

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • how the atoms of the elements create ionic and covalent bonds.

You will learn
  • to write summary formulas of two‑element chemical compounds on the basis of information on the valences that make up their elements;

  • to determine the valence of one chemical element in a relationship, when the valence of the other is known.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu.

Is it possible to determine the sum formula of a chemical compound based on the valence of its elements?

If we know the valence of two elements, which together form a chemical compound, then in practically every case we can determine the total formula of this compound. We do not need to know what kind of bonds exist in a relationship. In many cases, the obtained sum formula is true and well describes the composition of the molecule or the smallest set of repeating ions in the ionic compound. Determining the order of symbols in the summation formula can be a problem. It does not matter if the compound is formed by metal and non‑metal. Then, in the sum formula, we first write the metal symbol, and then, to the right, we insert the symbol of the second element.

One of the simpler ways of defining summary models can be found in the examples.

Task 1

Watch the presentation „Determining the sum formula of potassium oxide based on the valence of elements”.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu.
Task 2

Watch the presentation „Determining the sum formula of sulfur trioxide based on the valence of elements”.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu.
Important!

Writing the valence of elements
The valence of elements can be described in words, e.g. „carbon has a valence of four”. Another way is to use chemical abbreviations. At the symbol of the root, its valence is written in brackets, eg carbon with a valence of four is C(IV) or carbon(IV). It must be remembered that there should be no space (spaces) between the symbol and the parenthesis.

Chemical elements

Symbols set with valences

The formula after transferring the valence

Number – the largest common divisor

The final molecular formula of compound

carbon(IV) and oxygen(II)

CIVOII

C2O4

2

CO2

copper(II) and sulfur(II)

CuIISII

Cu2S2

2

CuS

nitrogen(V) and oxygen(II)

NVOII

N2O5

lack

N2O5

calcium(II) and chlorine(I)

CaIIClI

Ca1Cl2

lack

CaCl2

iron(III) and sulfur(II)

FeIIISII

Fe2S3

lack

Fe2S3

manganese(VII) and oxygen(II)

MnVIIOII

Mn2O7

lack

Mn2O7

How do we determine the valence of one of the elements in a two‑element compound?

In the two‑element compound (formed by two elements) one can determine the valence of one element if you know the valence of the other.

If no stoichiometric indexes are present in the compound formula (or in rare cases are equal), elements that form a given compound have the same valence. In the compounds you are currently learning (oxides, chlorides, sulphides), oxygen has two (II), one (I) chlorine and two (II) sulfur.

For example, in a compound of the formula CuO, in which the oxygen valence is two (II), copper has identical valence(II). In sodium chloride NaCl sodium and chlorine have the same valence – one (I). In other cases, appropriate transformations and calculations should be made. We will get to know the simplest way from the example.

Determination of calcium valency in a compound of the formula CaClIndeks dolny 2, where the valence of chlorine is one (I)

We behave in the opposite way than when determining patterns. This time we transfer the stoichiometric factors „crosswise” over the symbols of elements.

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After transferring the index values, we write using Roman numerals:

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We check whether the numbers saved above the symbol of the element with known valency are consistent with the content of the task. In our case, this is because chlorine has a valence of one (I). Then the number written above the symbol of the second element determines its valence. For calcium, it is equal to two (II).

We give the answer:

Calcium valency in a compound of the formula CaClIndeks dolny 2 it is two (II).

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Exercise 1
Indicate the answer with the appropriate valences of the chemical elements Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. eS – jeden; O - dwa, 2. eS – dwa; O - jeden, 3. eS – cztery; O - dwa, 4. eS – dwa; O - cztery
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Exercise 2
Indicate the answer showing the correct sum formula of the chemical compound whose elements take the following valencies: nitrogen - V; oxygen - II. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. en pięć o dwa, 2. en cztery o dziesięć 3. en dwa o pięć, 4. en dziesięć o cztery
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Create a multiple-choice test based on today's lesson. Then exchange your questions with a friend or classmate.

Summary

  • On the basis of the periodic table, you can determine the maximum valence with respect to hydrogen and oxygen for elements from groups 1 and 2 and 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.

  • The elements in the group 1 of the periodic table in created compounds have a valence equal to one, from group 2. they have a valence two.

  • Valence of oxygen in oxides is two. On the basis of this information and the formula of the compound, the valence of the second element in the connections with oxygen can be determined.

  • The names of oxides give the valence of the element, which in chemical compounds may have different valences.

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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. How was this lesson? Did you like it? Finish selected sentences. It was easy for me (uzupełnij), It was difficult for me (uzupełnij), Today I learned (uzupełnij), I understood that (uzupełnij), It surprised me (uzupełnij)
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Keywords

structural formula, valence

Glossary

structural formula
structural formula
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

wzór strukturalny – wzór, który odzwierciedla sposób połączenia atomów w cząsteczce; na jego podstawie można określić liczbę, rodzaj atomów oraz ich wartościowość

valence
valence
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka.

wartościowość – liczba wiązań, które tworzy atom danego pierwiastka chemicznego, łącząc się z innymi atomami