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We are watching the evening sky

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Obserwujemy niebo wieczorne

You will learn
  • recognise different objects are visible on the night sky,

  • describe different constellations.

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nagranie abstraktu

Before you start, answer the question:

  • What objects do we see on the night sky?

Observation of the night sky can become an interesting activity. For beginning, no equipment is needed, but the knowledge about the pattern of the constellations. Simple astronomical observations are available for everyone - only a clear, dark sky, without clouds and away from the lights of the city, is needed.

The Earth’s rotation around its own axis causes that we see sky objects apparently moving from East to West. The Earth’s motion around the Sun is the reason why different constellations appear in each season’s sky.

Celestial sphere
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Celestial spherecelestial sphereCelestial sphere is an imaginary sphere with extremely large radius with the Earth located at its centre.

It has a North pole and a South pole aligned with the poles of the Earth.

There are two sky coordinates: right ascensionright ascensionright ascension is like earthly longitude, and declinationdeclinationdeclination as latitude.

The celestial equator lies in the same plane that includes the Earth’s equator.

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Celestial sphere
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Objects in the night sky
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In the night sky the stars and the planets are observed. In the table the main differences between stars and planets are summarized.

stars

planets

They produce their own light.

They reflect the light.

They twinkle.

They do not twinkle.

They are very far away.

They are relatively close (compared to the stars).

Constellations
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There are 88 recognised constellations whose names trace back to the prehistory. In modern astronomy, the significance of constellations is no longer mythological, but practical.

Constellations
Definition: Constellations
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ConstellationconstellationConstellation is a group of stars that forms an imaginary region on the celestial sphere.  

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The stars and constellations are divided into two categories, due to the Earth’s rotation and axial tilt with respect to the Sun. Those stars and constellations that never set below the horizon are called circumpolarcircumpolarcircumpolar. The other objects are divided into seasonal stars and seasonal constellations.

Circumpolar constellation
Definition: Circumpolar constellation
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CircumpolarcircumpolarCircumpolar constellationconstellationconstellation is a constellation that never sets below the horizon, as viewed from the Earth.

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The circumpolarcircumpolarcircumpolar constellations seen on the hemisphere in Poland are: Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Ursa Minor (Little Bear), Draco, Ursa Major (Great Bear), and Camelopardalis.

The seasonal constellations move by 90 degrees across the sky every three months. The circumpolarcircumpolarcircumpolar constellations seen exclusively on the northern or southern hemisphere have also there different locations at different times of year.

Projection of stars on the celestial spherecelestial spherecelestial sphere
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The celestial bodies appear to the observer on the Earth to be at a fixed distance on the surface of the celestial spherecelestial spherecelestial sphere. But that what we observe is only a projection on the celestial sphere, irrespective of their real distance.

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Ilustracja interaktywna składa się z dwóch części: po lewej stronie przedstawiona trójwymiarowo sfera niebieska z zaznaczonymi na jej powierzchni projekcjami gwiazd oraz ich pozycjami poza sferą. Gwiazdy, ich projekcje oraz oko obserwatora w środku sfery połączone są przerywanymi liniami. Po prawej stronie rysunku widzimy powiększenie sytuacji: narysowane jest oko opisane numerem (1), wycinek nieba z projekcją gwiazd opisane numerem (2) oraz gwiazdy znajdujące się na swoich pozycjach opisane numerem (3). Na ilustracji widoczne są numery, a na nich podpisy. 1. observer on the Earth {audio}, 2. projection of stars on the celestial sphere {audio}, 3. stars at different distances {audio}.
Star projection on the celestial sphere
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Star brightness
Definition: Star brightness
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Stars within a constellationconstellationconstellation are usually labelled using the Greek letters roughly in order of its brightnessbrightnessbrightness.

The brightest star is labelled by α, next one by β and so on.

Task 1
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Cassiopeia is one of the most recognizable constellations in the night sky. This is circumpolarcircumpolarcircumpolar constellation and can be seen all year round from northern latitudes. Figure out what are the names of its stars and order them with decreasing brightnessbrightnessbrightness. Use one of sky map available in the internet.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Polar Star
Definition: Polar Star
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The Polar Star (from Latin, Polaris - pole) is the brightest star in the constellationconstellationconstellation of Ursa Minor. It lies approximately 430 light‑years from the Earth. A light year is the distance light travels (in a vacuum) in one Earth year. Polaris, commonly called the North StarNorth StarNorth Star or Pole Star, is very close to the north celestial pole.

If you look at the photo taken with an extended exposure, you can see that the paths of stars are concentrated around the common centre. There is one almost stationary brighter point very close to the centre, within 1° of the pole - the star Polaris.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 1
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It is commonly believed that Polaris is the brightest star in the night sky. Actually it is only about the 50Indeks górny th brightest. But it can be easily found. You can use the photo here or try it directly on the night sky.

To locate Polaris, you need to find the Great Wagon (Big Dipper) in the constellationconstellationconstellation Ursa Major and its two stars Dubhe and Merak. These two stars make up the rear axis of the Great Wagon. Draw an imaginary line between them and go about five times along the line as you reach a bright star. This star is Polaris. Starting there you can also find Ursa Minor.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Remember
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  • Celestial spherecelestial sphereCelestial sphere is an imaginary sphere with extremely large radius with the Earth located at its centre. We observe on the night sky mainly planets and stars, which are grouped in the constellations.

Exercises

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Exercise 2
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Polaris is known also as the North Star., 2. The stars and the Earth revolve around the Sun., 3. A star gives off its own light., 4. Stars observed from the northern hemisphere seem to move on the blue sky from West to East.
Exercise 3

Search the internet and explain the term “light pollution” and its consequences for the observers of the night sky.

Exercise 4

Explain in English what the star Polaris is.

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Exercise 5
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. sfera niebieska - celestial sphere, 2. rektascensja - right ascension, 3. deklinacja - declination, 4. gwiazdozbiór - constellation, 5. okołobiegunowy - celestial sphere, 6. jasność - ascension
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

celestial sphere
celestial sphere

sfera niebieska

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wymowa w języku angielskim: celestial sphere
right ascension
right ascension

rektascensja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: right ascension
declination
declination

deklinacja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: declination
constellation
constellation

gwiazdozbiór

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wymowa w języku angielskim: constellation
circumpolar
circumpolar

okołobiegunowy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: circumpolar
North Star
North Star

Gwiazda Polarna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: North Star
brightness
brightness

jasność

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wymowa w języku angielskim: brightness

Keywords

celestial spherecelestial spherecelestial sphere

right ascensionright ascensionright ascension

declinationdeclinationdeclination

constellationconstellationconstellation

circumpolarcircumpolarcircumpolar