When a compass is not working
how to determine cardinal directions using a compass;
that a compass is useless near the objects containing iron.
to determine the cardinal directions with the help of a shadow;
to indicate the south direction with the pointer watch;
to determine the northern direction using the Polar Star;
to determine the cardinal directions by observing the surrounding nature.
How to determine cardinal directions with the help of a shadow?
In Poland, at noon, the Sun is on the southern side of the sky. During this time, the shadow cast by our silhouette or other objects is shortest and indicates the northern direction. When standing facing the shadow, it is easy to point the other directions. This method is effective only at a certain time – at noon.

How to find north at night?
The Polar StarPolar Star in the Ursa Minor constellation will help us to determine cardinal directions at night. This constellation is also known in North America as a “Little Dipper”, and the North Pole can be found at the end of its “handle”. Its position in the sky remains virtually unchanged – it is located right in the north, on the extension of the Earth's axis. A characteristic and distinct Ursa Major constellation will help us to find it in the sky.
Will the watch allow us to point south?
The southern direction can be determined with a pointer watch with a relatively high degree of accuracy. How to do this? First, set yourself so that a small pointer (hour one) points to the Sun. You do not even have to take off your watch - just hold your hand so the dial is placed horizontally. The line dividing the angle between the small pointer and 12:00 on the watch dial will indicate the south direction. Till noon, we take into account the angle between the small pointer and the left side of 12 o’clock, whilst after noon, the angle between the small pointer and the right side of 12 o’clock.
How does nature help determine the cardinal directions?
We can also try to determine geographical directions by observing the nature around us. It is, however, less accurate method. You should remember that in this way you will determine the cardinal directions only approximately.

Lidka, Marta and Marek talk about the methods of determining geographical directions when the compass is not working. Identify the person whose opinion is true.
- Marta: Geographical directions can be determined at noon with the help of a shade.
- Marek: Geographical directions can be determined very precisely observing how the anthill is built.
- Lidka: Geographical directions can be determined by observing the Moon.
Summary
Cardinal directions can be determined during the day with the help of a shadow or a pointer watch.
At night, the northern direction can be determined by searching for the Polar Star.
Cardinal directions can be determined with low accuracy by observing nature.
Keywords
Polar Star, cardinal direction, determining cardinal directions
Glossary
Gwiazda Polarna – gwiazda z gwiazdozbioru Małego Wozu, znajdująca się blisko przedłużenia osi Ziemi i niemal niezmieniająca swego położenia na niebie; dzięki niej odnajdujemy nocą kierunek północny



