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You will learn

you will talk about the main principles of LutheranismLutheranismLutheranism, CalvinismCalvinismCalvinism and AnglicanismAnglicanismAnglicanism
you will show the differences and similarities between reformed religionsreligionreligions
you will talk about the reasons underpinning the ReformationreformationReformation movement
you will develop your vocabulary related to religious studies

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Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl

Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu.

Before the lesson

Revise what medieval theocentrism was.
Check which Christian religion has a church in your town.

Reformed religions

The Renaissance focussed on man and his earthly existence. However, this does not mean that religious issues lost their meaning. On the contrary – a belief that God exists and that God is Christian was prevalent. As it turned out, religious matters inflamed the “reborn” minds to such an extent that religious warsreligious warreligious wars engulfed the Western Europe of that era.

Exercise 1

In pairs, try to determine and enumerate the reasons behind the questioning of Catholic principles. Take into consideration the mood of that era and the context of the Middle Ages.

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Obraz w tonacji ciemno zielonej przedstawia portret Marcina Lutra. Jest on ubrany w czarny płaszcz oraz ma beret na głowie. Jest to postawny mężczyzna około 40-letni, o ciemnych, kręcących się włosach, przenikliwym spojrzeniu i wąskich ustach. Na obrazie widnieje napis Fortitvdo vestra. — Martin Luther
Source: Lucas Cranach the Elder, domena publiczna.

Martin Luther (1483–1546) for over 30 years, was a member of the Western Church which was under the Pope’s authority and, for over 10 years, – a monk in the Order of Saint Augustine. Over time, however, Luther’s resistance towards Rome started building inside him, which lead to him hanging 95 theses on the door of the Wittenberg Castle church on 31st October 1517. Luther attacked the Church for its various misdemeanours, including the practice of “selling indulgences” to absolveabsolutionabsolve sin. The Pope accused Luther of heresy and ordered him to withdraw the theses. The monk, however, burnt the papal bull in public, which lead to his excommunicationexcommunicationexcommunication. He did not, however, cease to spread the ideas indicating the necessity to return to the genuine Evangel (hence that name evangelists). Luther was protected by German princes, who, a few years later (1529), protested against the ban on reformation (renewal) in the Church (hence the name: protestants).

Exercise 2

Study the most important information on Lutheranism.

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Obraz czarno-biały przedstawiający portret Jana Kalwina. Ma siwe wąsy i długą siwą brodę. Ubrany jest w ciemne szaty, na głowie ma beret, który zakrywa także uszy, jego okryciem wierzchnim jest peleryna z kołnierzem ze zwierzęcego futra. W ręku trzyma niewielką książkę, może modlitewnik. — John Calvin
Source: domena publiczna.

John Calvin (1509–1564) came from a French Catholic family. As an eleven year old boy he became a student at the Sorbonne in Paris, which was to guarantee him a career as a clergyman. During his studies, however, he became familiar with the ides of Lutheranism. He forewent the idea of studying theology and in 1531 he graduated university with a diploma in law. Having returned to Paris, Calvin converted to ProtestantismProtestantismProtestantism. In fear of repressions, he moved to Switzerland, where he stayed in such cities as Strasbourg and Geneva. In 1535 his Institutio christianae religionis (Institutes of the Christian Religion) was published, where Calvin proposed changes to Protestantism and laid out the principles of Calvinism.

Exercise 3

Study the principles of Calvinism. Try to compare them with what you already know about Lutheranism.

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Tablica zawierająca najważniejsze informacje na temat kalwinizmu: 1. The Evangels are the main source of faith. 2. Salvation can only be attained through God’s mercy, not good deeds. 3. The only recognised sacraments are baptism and the holy communion. 4. Calling the holy communion the body and blood of Jesus Christ only carries a symbolical meaning. 5. The doctrine on predestination is recognised, i.e. a man is predestined to either salvation or condemnation. 6. Jesus Christ died not for all mankind, but only for the chosen ones. 7. The cult of saints and the Mother of God is rejected. 8. Strict moral conduct is introduced and all forms of entertainment are foregone. 9. There is no celibacy for Calvinist clergymen.

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Obraz przedstawia wizerunek Henryka Ósmego ubranego w ozdobne szaty trzymającego w prawej ręce pokrowiec od sztyletu, który wisi przy boku a na piersi wisi królewski naszyjnik. Szaty króla są bogate, ozdobione złotymi nićmi, peleryna ma bufiaste rękawy, a główna szata - zdobienia przypominające klejnoty lub kolce. Król nosi również ozdobne, delikatne pantofle w kolorze kremowym oraz jedwabne kalesony z ozdobnymi podwiązkami. — Henry VIII
Source: Hans Eworth, domena publiczna.

Henry VIII (1491–1547) – a king of England from the Tudor dynasty. He became a king at the age of 18. Upon Luther’s breakaway from the Church, the king strongly criticised Luther’s doctrinedoctrinedoctrine, for which he was given the title of Fidei defensor (the defender of faith) by the Pope. However, in 1533, he himself broke away from the Church. The reason for that was the Pope’s refusal to grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII was planning another marriage therefore decided to part from the Church. In 1534 the Act on Supremacy was passed which made the king the head of the Anglican Church. Despite the fact that Henry VIII was resistant towards other non‑Catholic religions, his decision to break away from the “popery” and fight those who were dedicated to Rome enabled Lutheranism and Calvinism to flourish in England.

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Tablica zawierająca najważniejsze informacje na temat anglikanizmu: 1. The Bible is the source of faith, but it can only be interpreted in accordance with the early Christian tradition. 2. The salvation of a man is attained through his faith – so called good deeds are merely a confirmation of true faith.3. God has sovereign power to choose a man for either salvation or condemnation. Christ is present in the Eucharist only in a symbolic manner. 4. The head of the Church is the king of England, who also appoints bishops. 5. Anglican clergymen are not bound by celibacy.

Exercise 4

Enumerate the principles common to all protestant religions which we have covered today. Are those issues important in your opinion?

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Exercise 5

Imagine a dispute between the representatives of the four major Christian Churches in Europe in the sixteenth-century Europe: Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism. Decide which representative could say the following sentences.

Lutheran, Anglican, Calvinist, Catholic

You can say whatever you want. But God chose to predestine you for heaven or hell centuries ago.
If you continue doing what you do, the Mother of God will lose her patience, and her Son will punish you severely. There won’t even be a chance of getting into purgatory!
Yes, faith is of paramount importance. And the Pope will not tell us how to believe. Everything about our faith is in the Bible along with the Church’s writings from the beginning of its existence.
Of course, there is no purgatory whatsoever. However, I do respect the Mother of God, but I know that heaven can only be attained through true faith.

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Exercise 6

Test your knowledge, select and check the correct sentences one by one.

Sentence	True	False
Martin Luther hung 99 theses.	□	□
John Calvin’s proponents are also known as Jains.	□	□
The Reformation was not a peaceful process.	□	□
Papists are followers of the Pope.	□	□
Reformation movements such as Anglicanism or Lutheranism did not survive their creators.	□	□

Exercise 7

The principles of which of the three factions of the Church seem the most convincing to you? Support your answer with at least two arguments, then discuss them with your deskmate.

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Prepare a question for your friend, thanks to which he will check his knowledge about the renaissance religions.

Question: ...