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Władysław Jagiełło, a king of great possibilities

Royal seal of Władysław Jagiełło
Source: Lestat (Jan Mehlich), Wikimedia Commons, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Link to the lesson

You will learn
  • to recognize how and why Poland formed a union with Lithuania, and what the relations between Poland and Lithuania in the 14th and 15th centuries looked like;

  • to explain why Władysław Jagiełło granted privilegesprivilegeprivileges to the nobility;

  • to describe the course of the Polish–Teutonic wars;

  • to explain how kings were elected by the nobility during the rule of the Jagiellonian dynasty.

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Nagranie abstraktu

The choice of the Lithuanian Jogaila as the royal husband for the Polish monarch Jadwiga was not easy neither for the Poles nor the Lithuanians. The elites of Christian Europe also considered it a controversial choice. The ruler of the people who until very recently were laying waste to the Polish lands and fighting against Christian knights was now to be crowned king of Poland. The Lithuanians were also afraid that the Union of Krewo of 1385 would turn out to be unfavourable for them, putting the Lithuanian state and society in a secondary position.

From the very beginning, attempts at closer cooperation and tightening the alliance were met with considerable resistance from the Lithuanians, in the form of resistance against christianisationchristianisationchristianisation and the ambitions of Vytautas, Jagiełło’s brother’s son. For years, he strove to rule the duchy of Lithuania independently, even if it meant entering into alliance with the enemy, the Teutonic Knights. The situation became even more complicated after Jadwiga’s death, as Jagiełło’s claim to the Polish throne no longer had any basis. Eventually, the Polish nobles accepted Władysław Jagiełło as an independent king of Poland and entrusted him with full powers. His connections with Lithuania were also reinforced by the reaffirmation of the union in 1401. The separateness of the two states was accepted within the political union of the two communities. This union allowed them to support one another in conflicts against mutual enemies, especially the Teutonic KnightsTeutonic KnightsTeutonic Knights.

The victory in the great war of 1409–1411 and the conclusion of the Peace of Thorn made the benefits of the union very clear. This led to another union, established in 1413 in Horodło, according to which both countries were to cooperate closely in the scope of foreign policy and neither was permitted to form alliances with states hostile towards the other. In addition, Lithuanian noble families (boyarsboyarboyars) gained the same privilegesprivilegeprivileges as Polish nobility. Despite problems in mutual relations, both countries have avoided the deadly threat of the Teutonic Knights. The continuing war with the order, which dates back to 1409, ended in 1422. The peace between Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights at Lake Melno limited the previous power of the order and its expansive intentions. Lithuania gained a lot - the Teutonic Knights renounced their demands towards Samogitia. The established Prussian‑Lithuanian border survived until 1919. This allowed Władysław Jagiełło to focus on the most important problem of his final years: securing the succession for his son. Władysław Jagiełło was not an heir to the Polish throne, so in order to ensure the rule will be passed on to his son, he had to win the support of the nobility. By granting them two [privileges], in Jedlnia (1430) and Cracow (1433), he guaranteed the Polish nobles personal and property inviolability, while depriving himself of some of his power. However, he succeeded in confirming his son’s heredity of the crown. Thus began the reign of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland, which would last for the next 140 years.

Exercise 1

Read the text describing the provisions of the Union of Krewo, and do the exercise.

Jan Długosz Mowa posłów litewskich do Elżbiety Bośniaczki, matki Jadwigi

Najjaśniejsza Pani, pełnij to zbawienne polecenie, przyjmij wielkiego księcia Jagiełłę za syna i oddaj mu w małżeństwo najukochańszą córkę swoją Jadwigę, królową polską. [...] Nim zaś to, o czym mowa, do końca stosownego dojdzie, wielki książę Jagiełło ze wszystkimi swoimi braćmi [...], ze szlachtą, ziemianami większymi i mniejszymi [...] chce, życzy i pragnie przyjąć wiarę katolicką świętego Rzymskiego Kościoła. [...] obiecuje wielki książę Jagiełło złożyć i wydać wszystkie swoje skarby dla odzyskania strat, które poniosły tak Polska, jak Litwa [...]. Wielki książę obiecuje sumę zaręczoną między królową węgierską a księciem Austrii [...] złożyć i wpłacić [z tytułu odszkodowania za zerwanie narzeczeństwa Wilhelma Habsburga i Jadwigi]. [...] Tenże wielki książę Jagiełło obiecuje wrócić pierwotną wolność wszystkim chrześcijanom, zwłaszcza ludziom obojej płci z ziemi polskiej obyczajem wojennym zabranym i przesiedlonym. [...] Nareszcie tenże wielki książę Jagiełło obiecuje ziemie swoje litewskie i ruskie na wieczne czasy do Korony Królestwa Polskiego przyłączyć.

dlugosz Source: Jan Długosz, Mowa posłów litewskich do Elżbiety Bośniaczki, matki Jadwigi, [w:] Teksty źródłowe do ćwiczeń z historii Polski średniowiecznej, s. 246–247.
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Select the promises of Jagiełło that appeared in the text. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Join Lithuania to Poland., 2. Ensure the safety of merchants., 3. Be christened along with the nobles of the Grand Duchy., 4. Free Polish captives., 5. Take crown jewels out of pledge., 6. Modernise the Wawel Castle., 7. Pay compensation to the House of Habsburg., 8. Build a Dnieper–Vistula canal., 9. Recover the lost lands of Lithuania and Poland., 10. Build castles along the border with the Teutonic Order.

Arrange the provisions from most to least important from the point of view of the situation of Lithuania and the Crown. Compare your proposals with the class and justify your choices. After the other students present their proposals, you can make changes to yours. Did you achieve unanimity?

Exercise 2
Jakiem królem był Władysław Jagiełło? Opowiedz o jego głównych osiągnięciach.
Jakiem królem był Władysław Jagiełło? Opowiedz o jego głównych osiągnięciach.
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Wykonaj polecenie.
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Exercise 3
To enjoy the privileges laid down by the Union of Horodło, the nobles of the Grand Duchy had to: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. be Catholic and be “adopted” by a Polish noble family and allowed to use their coat of arms., 2. speak Polish., 3. speak Polish, regardless of their religion.
Task 1
Wysłuchaj nagrania abstraktu, ułóż do niego pytania i zadaj je koledze.
Wysłuchaj nagrania abstraktu, ułóż do niego pytania i zadaj je koledze.
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Ilustracja interaktywna 1. The Grand Duke of Lithuania Under the agreement with Jagiełło in 1401, Vytautas received the lifetime title of Grand Duke of Lithuania. However, it was his lifelong ambition was to make Lithuania a kingdom. In 1430, Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg made a proposal that brought Vytautas close to fulfilling this goal, but these plans were thwarted by the Poles and his own early death., 2. The coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Vytis (“the Chaser”). The figure of a rider with a raised sword first appeared as early as the 13th century, but only became the coat of arms of Lithuania in 1384. During the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth period, it was in the Polish coat of arms beside the white eagle., 3. Family coats of arms of Lithuanian boyars and princes Under the Union of Horodło of 1413, 47 Lithuanian families were adopted by Polish families and granted Polish coats of arms. The boyars were also granted Polish noble privileges., 4. Vytautas Vytautas is a secondary figure in Polish history, but one of the greatest heroes for Lithuanians. This is because he always fought for the interests of Lithuania and to increase its influence. He extended its lands by incorporating the territories of Rus and defended it against the Mongols and Teutonic Knights. If the interest of the state so required, he was ready to fight the latter side by side with the enemy, including Poles., 5. One of the most well-known portrayals of Vytautas is that from Jan Matejko’s painting “Battle of Grunwald”. Dressed in a red coat with a mitre cap on his head, the Grand Duke occupies a central place. He is raising his hands in a gesture of triumph, holding his sword and shield. According to the 19th century historical knowledge, he played a leading role during the battle.
Exercise 4
Jaką rolę w Europie odgrywało Państwo Krzyżackie w czasach Jagiellonów?
Jaką rolę w Europie odgrywało Państwo Krzyżackie w czasach Jagiellonów?
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Mark the modern states the lands of which were under control of the Teutonic Order in the 15th century. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Greece, 2. Latvia, 3. Germany, 4. Hungary, 5. Estonia, 6. Lithuania, 7. Austria, 8. Poland, 9. Belgium, 10. Russia
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Exercise 5
Jakie relacje panowały pomiędzy Państwem Polskim, a zakonem Krzyżackim?
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Exercise 6
Wysłuchaj nagrania abstraktu, wyodrębnij jego części i nadaj im tytuły.
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Exercise 7
Connect the appropriate title to the person. Remember that one person can have many titles. Władysław I the Elbow-high Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. King of Poland, 2. Queen of Poland, 3. Prince of Poland, 4. King of Poland, 5. King of Poland, 6. Grand Prince of Lithuania, 7. King of Poland, 8. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 9. King of Hungary, 10. Queen of Hungary, 11. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 12. King of Poland Casimir the Great Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. King of Poland, 2. Queen of Poland, 3. Prince of Poland, 4. King of Poland, 5. King of Poland, 6. Grand Prince of Lithuania, 7. King of Poland, 8. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 9. King of Hungary, 10. Queen of Hungary, 11. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 12. King of Poland Louis I of Hungary Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. King of Poland, 2. Queen of Poland, 3. Prince of Poland, 4. King of Poland, 5. King of Poland, 6. Grand Prince of Lithuania, 7. King of Poland, 8. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 9. King of Hungary, 10. Queen of Hungary, 11. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 12. King of Poland Jadwiga of Anjou Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. King of Poland, 2. Queen of Poland, 3. Prince of Poland, 4. King of Poland, 5. King of Poland, 6. Grand Prince of Lithuania, 7. King of Poland, 8. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 9. King of Hungary, 10. Queen of Hungary, 11. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 12. King of Poland Elisabeth of Poland Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. King of Poland, 2. Queen of Poland, 3. Prince of Poland, 4. King of Poland, 5. King of Poland, 6. Grand Prince of Lithuania, 7. King of Poland, 8. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 9. King of Hungary, 10. Queen of Hungary, 11. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 12. King of Poland Vytautas the Great Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. King of Poland, 2. Queen of Poland, 3. Prince of Poland, 4. King of Poland, 5. King of Poland, 6. Grand Prince of Lithuania, 7. King of Poland, 8. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 9. King of Hungary, 10. Queen of Hungary, 11. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 12. King of Poland Władysław Jagiełło Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. King of Poland, 2. Queen of Poland, 3. Prince of Poland, 4. King of Poland, 5. King of Poland, 6. Grand Prince of Lithuania, 7. King of Poland, 8. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 9. King of Hungary, 10. Queen of Hungary, 11. Grand Duke of Lithuania, 12. King of Poland

Keywords

union, personal union, Teutonic Knights, Jagiełło, Jadwiga, Vytautas, Jagiellonians, pagans, christianisation, religion, boyar, privilege

Glossary

pagans
pagans
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Nagranie słówka: pagans

Poganie – określenie stosowane przez chrześcijan wobec wyznawców innych religii i wierzeń. Określnie to od zawsze miało charakter obelgi i oznaczało osobę gorszą, mniej znaczącą.

christianisation
christianisation
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Nagranie słówka: christianisation

Chrystianizacja – proces przyjmowania symboli i wiary chrześcijańskiej oraz zastępowanie nią wierzeń pogańskich.

the Order
the Order
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Nagranie słówka: the Order

Zakon – zgromadzenie religijne, którego członkowie składają śluby i żyją według przyjętych reguł.

Teutonic Knights
Teutonic Knights
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Nagranie słówka: Teutonic Knights

Krzyżacy – zakon rycerski, sprowadzony na Mazowsze przez Konrada Mazowieckiego w 1226 r., jego pełna nazwa brzmi: Zakon Szpitala Najświętszej Marii Panny Domu Niemieckiego w Jerozolimie.

privilege
privilege
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Nagranie słówka: privilege

Przywilej – prawa nadawane przez władcę określonej grupie społecznej (szlachcie, duchowieństwu) obowiązujące na danym terenie lub w całym kraju.

personal union
personal union
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Nagranie słówka: personal union

Unia personalna – związek dwóch lub więcej państw posiadających wspólnego władcę przy zachowaniu odrębności państwowej.

knyaz (prince)
knyaz (prince)
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Nagranie słówka: knyaz (prince)

Kniaź – wódz, władca państwa u Litwinów, a w późniejszym czasie dziedziczny honorowy tytuł szlachecki w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim.

boyar
boyar
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Nagranie słówka: boyar

Bojar – w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim przedstawiciel niższej i średniej warstwy szlachty, na Rusi wielki właściciel ziemski.