Topic: How do we eat?

Target group

4th‑grade students of elementary school

Core curriculum

4th grade of elementary school

IV. Me and my body. Student:

1) lists the systems that build the human body: the skeletal, respiratory, digestive, circulatory, reproductive and nervous systems and learn their basic functions;

2) points on the board, model and body, the systems that build the human body and sensory organs;

General aim of education

Students describe the structure and function of the digestive system.

Key competences

• communication in foreign languages;

• digital competence;

• learning to learn.

Criteria for success
The student will learn:

• enumerate basic organs building the digestive system and give their functions;

• explain what digesting food is about;

• describe the way of food in the human body.

Methods/techniques

• expository

  • talk.

• activating

  • discussion.

• programmed

  • with computer;

  • with e‑textbook.

• practical

  • exercices concerned.

Forms of work

• individual activity;

• activity in pairs;

• activity in groups;

• collective activity.

Teaching aids

• e‑textbook;

• notebook and crayons/felt‑tip pens;

• interactive whiteboard, tablets/computers;

• homemade cake (2 cups of flour, 1 cup of fine‑grained salt, 2 teaspoons of coconut oil, 1 teaspoon of citric acid, 2 cups of water, food dyes);

• crackers, yellow cheese;

• mugs with drinking water;

• a long sock and 1‑3 balls that match the sock;

• 1 plastic bag with a small hole in the bottom, 1 bag for a sandwich, 5 crackers;

• 5 m long string and 1.5 m thick rope / rubber hose;

• stocking and bowl.

Introduction

• The teacher explains the aim of the lesson and together with students determines the success criteria to be achieved.

• The teacher asks the chosen student to enumerate the rules of healthy eating.

Realization

• The course of 1st hour of lesson

• The teacher asks the students: Why do we eat? - he writes the answer on the board. Then he asks the students to read the first paragraph from the abstract Why do we eat? After reading the content, the student selected on the board has green correct answers from the ones given earlier on the board, and the students copy them to the notebook.

• The teacher asks pupils to put the dough on a piece of aluminum foil, form a letter U, put it on the teeth (upper or lower jaw) and then squeeze the teeth. They carefully pull the imprint and compare it with the graphic Human teeth and name the types of teeth visible on their own imprint.

• The teacher asks students to look in abstract at what digestion is about. The selected student reads the explanation. The teacher displays the graphic 'Human Digestive System' to the students and asks in which part of the digestive system the digestion of food begins? Saves the answers on the board. Then he gives each student a cracker and a piece of cheese. He recommends that they suck the crackers without biting and let them dissolve. He will ask students: „Do you think that this is the case with all products?” In turn, he gives the students pieces of cheese and recommends that they also suck - do not bite. Selected students make observations, and the teacher explains that the digestion of some products begins in the mouth.

• The teacher asks the students how they think the food travels through their esophagus. To make them aware that it is not gravity, each student takes a sip of water, bends, touches his toes and in such a position is to swallow water. The teacher demonstrates peristalsis with a long sock and balls.

• The course of 2nd hour of lesson

• The teacher asks the students to remember what they have learned about the digestive system in the previous lesson.

• The teacher asks students to familiarize themselves with the description of the role of the stomach, and then demonstrates it, equating the stomach to a plastic bag. When it's empty, it's like a crumpled bag. [Show crumpled plastic bag]. When food gets into the stomach, it develops and opens. [Show the open plastic bag.] The stomach also has 2 holes, just like a plastic bag. Holes are called sphincter. The interior of the stomach produces digestive juice [pours vinegar into a breakfast bag and controls the contents of the bag]. The students make observations.

• The teacher asks students to familiarize themselves with the description of the structure and role of the small and large intestine. He then asks 2 pupils to grab a 5‑meter string and try to explain how the long bowel is in their body. Then it shows the pupils a 5 m string and a 1.5 m rope and asks students to explain the difference in the intestinal name: thin and thick using the model. The teacher with the help of 2 assistants demonstrates the role of the intestines to the students: one assistant holds the stocking over the bowl and the other cuts a small hole in the bottom of the breakfast bag with the contents of the „stomach”. The content of the „stomach” drips into the stock [intestine] and slowly penetrates through its walls. The teacher explains what is the absorption of digested food.

• Expanding and enriching English vocabulary in the issues covered in the lesson - students perform language exercises included in the abstract. The teacher makes sure that the tasks have been correctly completed and gives feedback.

• The teacher asks students to read the text Fiber from the abstract - undigested, but still needed. He then shows students the drillmap and explains what fiber is.

Summary

• The teacher indicates in an interactive illustration - Human digestive system - the chosen organ, and the student gives his name and function.

• At the end of the class, the teacher asks the students questions:

  • What did you find important and interesting in class?

  • What was easy and what was difficult?

  • How can you use the knowledge and skills you have gained today?

Willing/selected students summarize the lesson.

Homework

• Listen to the abstract recording at home. Pay attention to pronunciation, accent and intonation. Learn to pronounce the words learned during the lesson.

The following terms and recordings will be used during this lesson

Terms

Texts and recordings

How do we eat?

Every living organism needs to be nourished, that is, provide itself with the necessary nutrients: proteins, sugars, fats, vitamins and minerals, as well as water. Nutrients are found in food, such as vegetables, fruits, cereals, meat, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products. They are a source of materials for building the body. They enable its growth, development and regeneration. They are also transformed into energy necessary for life.
Tasks of the digestive system are:

• crushing food,

• digestion of food,

• absorption of nutrients found in food,

• removing unnecessary food remains.

Before the food is digested, it is crushed in the mouth with the help of teeth. The incisors enable us to bite off pieces of food, the canines are used for tearing, and the premolars and molar teeth – for crushing it. During the first years of life, a person has milk teeth. At the age of 5 -12 years, they are gradually replaced by permanent teeth.
An important organ of the oral cavity is also the tongue, which mixes shredded food with saliva. There are compounds in it that start digesting sugars. After mixing food with saliva it is easier to swallow it. The tongue is also the organ of the sense of taste.

The food first goes to the mouth, where it is crushed. Then it is moved to the next parts of the digestive system. Here takes place the digestion,or breakdown of the compounds contained in it into simple substances, which can be absorbed and used by the body.
From the mouth, through the throat and esophagus, the food moves to the stomach, and from there to the small intestine. Here is the next stage of digestion and absorption,or the entering of nutrients into the blood that distributes them throughout the body. Further, the food goes to the large intestine, where water is absorbed. Undigested food remains are excreted through the rectum. Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine form the digestive tract. The digestive system also includes the liver and pancreas.

The human body is unable to digest some substances found in food. These include fiber. Although it is neither a source of energy nor a building material for us, it plays a very important role. It works like a broom: it cleanses our intestines of residual food and harmful substances, thus improving their work. In addition, fiber swells in the stomach, which gives a feeling of fullness and reduces hunger. At the same time, it helps in maintaining proper body mass.

• The task of the digestive system is to crush, digest and absorb food.

• The digestive system consists of: mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine and rectum.

• Digestion is the breakdown of complex nutrients into simple substances.