Topicm747cc71f08b758e7_1528449000663_0Topic

Molecular structure of matter

Levelm747cc71f08b758e7_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumm747cc71f08b758e7_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

I. The use of physical concepts and quantities to describe phenomena and to indicate their examples in the surrounding reality.

Timingm747cc71f08b758e7_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm747cc71f08b758e7_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Presentation of the molecular structure of matter.

Key competencesm747cc71f08b758e7_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Distinguishing between the concepts of atomatomatom and moleculemoleculemolecule.

2. Describing phenomena that confirm the kinetic molecular theory of the structure of matter.

Operational (detailed) goalsm747cc71f08b758e7_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- distinguishes the concepts of atom and molecule,

- uses known concepts and phenomena to describe the surrounding reality.

Methodsm747cc71f08b758e7_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Learning by observation.

2. A talk presenting new information.

Forms of workm747cc71f08b758e7_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Work with the whole class.

Lesson stages

Introductionm747cc71f08b758e7_1528450127855_0Introduction

All substances are made of the smallest indivisible particles of matter (the smallest elements of the structure of matter that retain the chemical properties of the material). The creators of the atomistic theory of matter structure include: Democritus from Abdera (V‑IV century BC), John Dalton (1766‑1844).

[Illustration 1]

Procedurem747cc71f08b758e7_1528446435040_0Procedure

Task 1

Familiarize yourself with the slideshow „Molecular structure of bodies”.

Note what substance is made up of and what is the difference between an atomatomatom and a moleculemoleculemolecule.

[Slideshow]

Conclusions:

a) Atom is the smallest portion of matter that retains chemical properties.
b) There are as many kinds of atoms as there are elements.
c) Atoms of the same element are identical.
d) Atoms of the same or different elements can be combined and form molecules of chemical compounds.
e) Substances are made up of atoms or molecules.
m747cc71f08b758e7_1527752263647_0a) Atom is the smallest portion of matter that retains chemical properties.
b) There are as many kinds of atoms as there are elements.
c) Atoms of the same element are identical.
d) Atoms of the same or different elements can be combined and form molecules of chemical compounds.
e) Substances are made up of atoms or molecules.

Task 2

Based on the slideshow viewed above, state whether the sentences are true or false:

a) The physical body is made up of atoms or molecules.
b) The atomatomatom consists of a positive nucleusnucleusnucleus and a lot of lighter negative electrons.
c) The atom is made of molecules.
d) The molecule is always made up of identical atoms.

Answer:

a) True. b) True. c) False. d) False.

Task 3

Familiarize yourself with the photo gallery „Increase in temperature as a cause of increased molecular motion”.

[Illustration 2]

[Illustration 3]

[Illustration 4]

Conclusions:

a) Increase in temperature causes the ice to go into water and then into water vapour.
b) The ice has an ordered internal structure. Water molecules as a liquid and water vapour are in chaotic motion.
c) Increasing the temperature from 50°C to 100°C causes an increase in the number of water vapour molecules in relation to the amount of water molecules.
m747cc71f08b758e7_1527752256679_0a) Increase in temperature causes the ice to go into water and then into water vapour.
b) The ice has an ordered internal structure. Water molecules as a liquid and water vapour are in chaotic motion.
c) Increasing the temperature from 50°C to 100°C causes an increase in the number of water vapour molecules in relation to the amount of water molecules.

Definition:

Brownian motionBrownian motionBrownian motion - irregular motion and collisions of particles of pollen or other microscopic bodies visible under the microscope placed in gases and liquids.

[Illustration 5]

Task 4

Answer the questions:

a) What determines the motion of molecules that make up the physical body?
b) What is Brownian motion?
c) What theory of matter structure Brownian motion confirms?

Answer:

a) The motion of molecules that make up the physical body depends on the temperature.
b) Brownian motionBrownian motionBrownian motion consist in the chaotic motion of a pollen or other microscopic body suspended in a liquid. This motion is caused by collisions of the microscopic body (pollen) with liquid molecules.
c) Brownian motion confirms the atomistic theory of matter structure.

Experiment:

Research problem:
Is the microscopic motion of gas associated with the macroscopic transfer of matter?

Hypothesis:
Molecules of the sprayed deodorant moving around in the vicinity of air molecules can spread over a considerable distance.

Task 5

The teacher asks pupils who smell the fragrance to raise their hands up.

The teacher sprays a deodorant in the classroom.

Observation:
Even though they are not in the immediate vicinity of the deodorant container, the students smell the fragrance.

Conclusion:
As a result of the motion of the deodorant molecules, the deodorant molecules propagate in the air over a long distance. This phenomenon is called diffusiondiffusiondiffusion.

Lesson summarym747cc71f08b758e7_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

During the lesson, we learned about the structure of matter and some phenomena confirming the kinetic molecular theory of the structure of matter.

1. Matter consists of molecules in constant motion. They are either individual atoms or are made up of several atoms. These molecules are in constant chaotic motion, and their speeds are related to body temperature. The higher the moleculemoleculemolecule speed, the higher the body temperature. When we lower its temperature, we slow down the motion of its molecules.
2. Brownian motionBrownian motionBrownian motion is the chaotic motion of the visible molecule caused by collisions with molecules that are too small to be seen.
3. DiffusiondiffusionDiffusion the process of spontaneous expansion of molecules of one substance in another. It occurs in gases, liquids and solids.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

atomatomatom

boilingboilingboiling

Brownian motionBrownian motionBrownian motion

diffusiondiffusiondiffusion

electronelectronelectron

evaporationevaporationevaporation

moleculemoleculemolecule

nucleusnucleusnucleus

periodic tableperiodic tableperiodic table

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atom1
atom

atom

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wymowa w języku angielskim: atom
molecule1
molecule

cząsteczka

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wymowa w języku angielskim: molecule
nucleus1
nucleus

jądro

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wymowa w języku angielskim: nucleus
Brownian motion1
Brownian motion

ruchy Browna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: Brownian motion
diffusion1
diffusion

dyfuzja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: diffusion
boiling1
boiling

wrzenie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: boiling
electron1
electron

elektron

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wymowa w języku angielskim: electron
evaporation1
evaporation

parowanie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: evaporation
periodic table1
periodic table

układ okresowy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: periodic table