Types of cleaning agents
what soaps are and what their properties are;
what the soap’s mechanism of action during washing is;
how surfactants work.
what detergents are and what their properties and application are;
what the phenomenon of eutrophication is, what its causes are and how it can be prevented;
what the main ingredients of cleaning agents are, what properties they have and how to use them safely and effectively in everyday life.
Detergents
DetergentsDetergents are chemical compounds that currently are used for washing more often than soaps. These compounds have a structure similar to soaps, are made of a polar and a non‑polar part and fulfill a soap‑like role in the cleaning and washing processes – they produce foam, remove dirt. They are further characterized by certain properties that make their use more beneficial – they also retain excellent cleaning and foaming properties regardless of the degree of water hardness.
The term detergent originates from the Latin word detergens – cleaning.
Formulate a research question and hypothesis before watching a video “Effects of detergents on water”.

Film dostępny na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Wykorzystano: dwie zlewki, woda, roztwór detergentu, np. płynu do mycia naczyń, roztwór mydła, mielony cynamon (lub mielony pieprz bądź papryka).1. Do obu zlewek wlano wodę (ok. ¾ pojemności zlewki).2. Na powierzchnię wody w każdej zlewce nasypano trochę cynamonu. 3. Zanurzono palec w roztworze mydła i delikatnie dotknięto powierzchni wody w jednej ze zlewek. To samo wykonano używając roztworu detergentu. Zauważono, że cynamon w drugiej zlewce opada na dno, natomiast w pierwszej zlewce utrzymuje się na powierzchni.
How do detergents act on water?
Detergents, like soaps, reduce the surface tension of water.
two beakers,
water,
solution of a detergent, e.g. dishwashing liquid,
soap solution,
ground cinnamon (or ground pepper or paprika).
Pour water into both beakers (approx. ¾ of volume).
Put some cinnamon on the surface of the water in each beaker.
Dip a finger into the soap solution and gently touch the water surface in one of the beakers. Watch what is happening.
Repeat the test using the detergent solution.
Like soaps, detergents reduce the surface tension of water, i.e. they are surface‑active compounds. However, detergents do not form precipitates with magnesium and calcium ions, because their salts are soluble. Detergents (like soaps) have long non‑polar hydrocarbon chains (tails) linked to polar groups (heads).
Aqueous solutions of detergents are less susceptible to pH changes – these are the properties of anionic detergents with negatively charged sulfate functional groups.
Cationic detergents are often bactericidal and their ability to change the surface pH is used in the production of softeners and hair conditioners.
In amphoteric detergents, positive and negative charges may be present in the surface‑active (head) part.
In nonionic detergents, the hydrophilic part has no charge, but it demonstrates polar properties.
Detergents are components of commonly used body cleaning (shampoos, bath liquids), laundry (powders, gels) and cleansing (lotions, cleansing milks) preparations, therefore the production of detergents is one of the basic branches of the chemical industry. The detergents available on the market are mixtures. Most of them contain various additives, such as fillers (to increase the volume), anti‑foaming agents and bleaching agents.
Washing powders
The main ingredient of washing powders are detergents that remove most of the dirt. In addition to detergents, washing powders also contain water softeners, bleaches and enzymes.
Water softeners are to prevent precipitation of sparingly soluble calcium and magnesium salts. In the past, a compound called sodium hexametaphosphate was used for this purpose, but it was found that its effect on the environment was harmful. Currently, zeoliteszeolites are used as water softening substances allowing to reduce the amount of phosphates added to the washing powders.
Zeolites are aluminosilicates of metals from the 1st and 2nd groups distinguished by an unusual porous structure, and thus unique properties. An example of the effect of zeolites is the removal of calcium ions from hard water. Given their extraordinary ability of ion exchange, zeolites replace sodium ions with calcium ions (they capture and retain them in their pores). In this way, they remove them from the water and the water becomes soft.

Modern washing powders contain enzymes (biocatalysts) in their composition. Due to enzymes, these washing powders have the ability to quickly break down the organic compounds forming stains on clothes and should remove stains such as juice, egg, blood, grass (containing proteins in its composition).
The enzyme washing powders contain primarily enzymes that break down proteins (proteases), sugars (e.g. amylase, cellulase) and fats (lipases).
Formulate a research question and hypothesis before watching a video „The effect of enzymatic and no‑enzymatic powder on proteins”

Film dostępny na portalu epodreczniki.pl
Wykorzystano: trzy zlewki, wodę, jajko ugotowane na miękko, proszek zawierający enzymy, proszek niezawierający enzymów, 2 łyżeczki. Instrukcja: Przygotowano dwie zlewki z ciepłą wodą. Do jednej zlewki nasypano łyżeczkę proszku enzymatycznego i zamieszano, aż do rozpuszczenia. Do drugiej nasypano proszek niezawierający enzymów. Zamieszano. Jajko przecięto na pół. Zanurzono łyżeczkę w żółtku, tak aby żółtko przylepiło się do niej. Podobnie zrobiono z drugą łyżeczką. Włożono łyżeczki do przygotowanych wcześniej zlewek z roztworem proszku i odstawiono na kilka minut. Obserwuj zachodzące zmiany. W jednej i drugiej zlewce żółtko odeszło od łyżeczki, ale łyżeczka zanurzona w proszku enzymatycznym została lepiej doczyszczona. Na łyżeczce zanurzonej w proszku nieenzymatycznym pozostały widoczne ślady jajka.
Is the action of the enzyme washing powder different from the action of powder without enzymes?
The addition of enzymes significantly affects the effectiveness of the powder in the case of protein stains.
three beakers,
water,
soft boiled egg,
enzyme washing powder,
washing powder without enzymes,
2 teaspoons.
Prepare two beakers with warm water.
Add one teaspoon of enzyme powder to one beaker and stir until dissolved. Pour the washing powder without enzymes to the second beaker. Stir.
Cut the egg in half.
Dip the teaspoon in the yolk so to make yolk stick to it. Do the same with the other spoon.
Put the spoons into the previously prepared beakers with a washing powder solution and leave for a few minutes. Watch the occurring changes.
Glass cleaning agents
The glass is characterized by low resistance to scratches, therefore the products for cleaning glass (windows, mirrors) usually have the form of a water solution of surfactants and do not contain abrasives. On the other hand, they contain volatile (easily evaporating) compounds, e.g. ammonia , acetic (ethanoic) acid or ethanol , which are intended to prevent streaks.
Before using any cleaning agents, read the information on the composition and the rules of safe use provided on the label. Keep cleaning products away from children. When using those that contain toxic, irritating or corrosive substances, avoid splashes, eye rubbing, skin contact.
Match the names of cleaning agents with the names of their main ingredients and information about their action.
acetic acid (ethanoic acid) - digests limescale, zeolites - soften water, sodium(I) chlorate - has bactericidal properties, ammonia solution - removes greasy stains, sodium hydroxide - causes saponification of fats
| washing powder | |
| drain cleaner | |
| toilet cleaning gel | |
| glass cleaner | |
| descaler |
Create a multiple-choice test based on today's lesson. Then exchange your questions with a friend or classmate.
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Summary
Synthetic detergents (like soaps) are surface‑active substances that allow for effective removal of dirt in cleaning and washing processes.
Currently, many types of preparations are used for washing and cleaning. Their carefully selected composition has to guarantee efficiency.
Some of the cleaning agents have corrosive or irritating properties. Therefore, read the instructions carefully and use the recommended precautions during use, e.g.: use protective gloves.
Even a small concentration of detergents and other cleaning ingredients in water reservoirs impedes the process of water purification, and especially sedimentation of suspensions, which causes the degradation of the natural environment, therefore the aim is to make the detergents used biodegradable.
Keywords
detergents, eutrophication, zeolites
Glossary
detergenty – syntetyczne substancje powierzchniowo czynne (zmniejszające napięcie powierzchniowe wody)
eutrofizacja – proces prowadzący do nadmiernego przyrostu materii organicznej w zbiornikach wodnych; do rozwoju eutrofizacji przyczyniają się fosforany(V) trafiające do wód wraz ze ściekami z gospodarstw domowych
zeolity – glinokrzemiany metali z 1. i 2. grupy, wyróżniające się niezwykłą porowatą strukturą; charakteryzują się unikalną zdolnością wymiany jonów; przykładem działania zeolitów jest usuwanie jonów wapnia z twardej wody